亨利福特 长文：论国际化的犹太人 （发表于1920年5月）
helloterran4
楼主 (北美华人网)
亨利·福特《国际化的犹太人》
[Issue of May 22, 1920.] 【1920年5月22日刊发】
I. The Jew in Character and Business 一、性格上及生意中的犹太人
The Jew is again being singled out for critical attention throughout the world. His emergence in the financial, political and social spheres has been so complete and spectacular since the war, that his place, power and purpose in the world are being given a new scrutiny, much of it unfriendly. Persecution is not a new experience to the Jew, but intensive scrutiny of his nature and super-nationality is. He has suffered for more than 2,000 years from what may be called the instinctive anti-Semitism of the other races, but this antagonism has never been intelligent nor has it been able to make itself intelligible. 犹太人再次单独被全世界所瞩目。自战争以来，他们在金融、政治和社会领域的崛起是如此全面和引人注目，以至于他们在世界上的地位、权力和目的正在受到新的审查，这些审查很大程度上是不友善的。迫害对犹太人来说并不是一种新的经历，但对他们的本性和超民族性的深入审查却是。他们遭受了2000多年其他种族本能的反犹太主义，但这种敌意既不明智也不让人明白。
Nowadays, however, the Jew is being placed, as it were, under the microscope of economic observation that the reasons for his power, the reasons for his separateness, the reasons for his suffering may be defined and understood. 然而，如今犹太人被置于可以说是经济观察的显微镜下，以定义和理解他们权力的所以、不合群的缘故和痛苦的因由。
In Russia he is charged with being the source of Bolshevism, an accusation which is serious or not according to the circle in which it is made; we in America, hearing the fervid eloquence and perceiving the prophetic ardor of young Jewish apostles of social and industrial reform, can calmly estimate how it may be. In Germany he is charged with being the cause of the Empire''''''''s collapse and a very considerable literature has sprung up, bearing with it a mass of circumstantial evidence that gives the thinker pause. In England he is charged with being the real world ruler, who rules as a super-nation over the nations, rules by the power of gold, and who plays nation against nation for his own purposes, remaining himself discreetly in the background. In America it is pointed out to what extent the elder Jews of wealth and the younger Jews of ambition swarmed through the war organizations--principally those departments which dealt with the commercial and industrial business of war, and also the extent to which they have clung to the advantage which their experience as agents of the government gave them. 在俄罗斯，他们被指控为布尔什维克主义的源头，而不同的圈子提出的指控有的严肃有的不严肃；在美国，我们听到鼓吹社会和工业改革的年轻犹太信徒口若悬河，热情澎湃，能够冷静地评估情况如何。在德国，他们被指控是帝国崩溃的原因，并且有一部值得注意的文献兴起，其中有大量的间接证据引人深思。在英国，他们被指控为真正的世界统治者，以超级国家的身份统治各国，用黄金的力量进行统治，为了自己的目的让国与国对抗，自己则小心翼翼地躲在幕后。在美国，有人指出富有的犹太长者和雄心勃勃的犹太青年在多大程度上蜂拥至战争组织——主要是那些处理战争商业和工业事务的部门，在多大程度上他们紧抓作为政府代理人的经验给他们带来的优势。
In simple words, the question of the Jews has come to the fore, but like other questions which lend themselves to prejudice, efforts will be made to hush it up as impolitic for open discussion. If, however, experience has taught us anything it is that questions thus suppressed will sooner or later break out in undesirable and unprofitable forms. 简而言之，犹太人的问题已经凸显出来，但就像其他容易产生偏见的问题一样，会因不适合公开讨论而被努力掩盖。然而，如果说经验教会了我们什么的话，那就是被这样压抑的问题迟早会以不理想和没好处的形式爆发。
The Jew is the world''''''''s enigma. Poor in his masses, he yet controls the world''''''''s finances. Scattered abroad without country or government, he yet presents a unity of race continuity which no other people has achieved. 犹太人是世界之谜。他们虽然人数少，却控制着世界金融。他们散居各国，没有国家或政府，却展现了其他民族所没有实现过的种族团结一致性。
Living under legal disabilities in almost every land, he has become the power behind many a throne. There are ancient prophecies to the effect that the Jew will return to his own land and from that center rule the world, though not until he has undergone an assault by the united nations of mankind. 在几乎每一个国家，他们都生活得没有法律地位，却成为了许多王位背后的权力。古老的预言说，犹太人将回到自己的土地上，并从那个中心统治世界，尽管他要先经历人类国家联合的打击。
The single description which will include a larger percentage of Jews than members of any other race is this: he is in business. It may be only gathering rags and selling them, but he is in business. From the sale of old clothes to the control of international trade and finance, the Jew is supremely gifted for business. More than any other race he exhibits a decided aversion to industrial employment, which he balances by an equally decided adaptability to trade. The Gentile boy works his way up, taking employment in the productive or technical departments; but the Jewish boy prefers to begin as messenger, salesman or clerk--anything--so long as it is connected with the commercial side of the business. An early Prussian census illustrates this characteristic: of a total population of 269,400, the Jews comprised six percent or 16,164. Of these, 12,000 were traders and 4,164 were workmen. Of the Gentile population, the other 94 per cent, or 153,236 people, there were only 17,000 traders. 用一句话来描述犹太人比其它民族比例都高的是：他们经商。可能只是捡破布来卖，但他们在经商。从销售旧衣服到控制国际贸易和金融，犹太人在经商方面天赋异禀。与其他民族相比，他们对勤奋地就业表现出明显厌恶，却展现了对贸易的明显适应。非犹太男孩在生产或技术部门工作，一步步上升；但犹太男孩更喜欢从信使、推销员或文员开始，任何与经商有关的事情都行。普鲁士早期的人口普查说明了这一特点：在269400总人口中，犹太人占6%，即16164人。其中12000人是商人，4164人是打工人。在另外94%的非犹太人口里，即153236人中只有17000名商人。
A modern census would show a large professional and literary class added to the traders, but no diminution of the percentage of traders and not much if any increase in the number of wage toilers. In America alone most of the big business, the trusts and the banks, the natural resources and the chief agricultural products, especially tobacco, cotton and sugar, are in the control of Jewish financiers or their agents. Jewish journalists are a large and powerful group here. "Large numbers of department stores are held by Jewish firms," says the Jewish Encyclopedia, and many if not most of them are run under Gentile names. 现代人口普查将显示，在商人基础上增加了大量的专业和文艺阶层，但商人的比例没有下降，工薪劳动者的数量也没有增加多少。仅在美国，大多数大企业、信托和银行、自然资源和主要农产品，尤其是烟草、棉花和糖，都由犹太金融家或其代理人控制。犹太记者在这里是一个庞大而有力的群体。《犹太百科全书》说：“大量的百货公司都是由犹太公司经营的”，其中许多或大多数都是以非犹太人的名字经营的。
Jews are the largest and most numerous landlords of residence property in the country. They are supreme in the theatrical world. They absolutely control the circulation of publications throughout the country. Fewer than any race whose presence among us is noticeable, they receive daily an amount of favorable publicity which would be impossible did they not have the facilities for creating and distributing it themselves. Werner Sombart, in his "Jew and Modern Capitalism" says, "If the conditions in America continue to develop along the same lines as in the last generation, if the immigration statistics and the proportion of births among all the nationalities remain the same, our imagination may picture the United States of fifty or a hundred years hence as a land inhabited only by Slavs, Negroes and Jews, wherein the Jews will naturally occupy the position of economic leadership." Sombart is a pro-Jewish writer. 犹太人是国内最庞大、数量最多的住宅业主。他们在戏剧界无与伦比。他们绝对控制着全国各地出版物的发行。他们比我们任何民族都低调，但他们每天都会得到大量的正面宣传，如果他们没有自己创建和发行的机构，这是不可能的。维尔纳·桑巴特在他的《犹太人与现代资本主义》中说，“如果美国的条件继续像上一代一样发展，如果移民统计数据和所有民族的出生比例保持不变，我们的想象可能会把50年或100年后的美国描绘成一片只有斯拉夫人、黑人和犹太人居住的土地，在那里犹太人自然会占据经济领导地位。桑巴特是一位亲犹太的作家。
The question is, If the Jew is in control, how did it happen? This is a free country. The Jew comprises only about three percent of the population; to every Jew there are 97 Gentiles; to the 3,000,000 Jews in the United States there are 97,000,000 Gentiles. If the Jew is in control, is it because of his superior ability, or is it because of the inferiority and don''''''''t-care attitude of the Gentiles? 问题是，如果犹太人掌了权，是怎么实现的？这是一个自由的国家。犹太人只占人口的3%左右；每个犹太人对应97个非犹太人；美国300万犹太人对应着9700万是非犹太人。如果犹太人掌了权，是因为他们的能力更强，还是因为非犹太人不行以及不在乎的态度？
It would be very simple to answer that the Jews came to America, took their chances like other people and proved more successful in the competitive struggle. But that would not include all the facts. And before a more adequate answer can be given, two points should be made clear. 说犹太人来到美国，像其他人一样抓住了机会，并在竞争性的奋斗中证明了自己更成功，这是太简单的回答。但这并不包括所有事实。在给出更充分的答案之前，应该明确两点。
This first is this: all Jews are not rich controllers of wealth. There are poor Jews aplenty, though most of them even in their poverty are their own masters. While it may be true that the chief financial controllers of the country are Jews, it is not true that every Jew is one of the financial controllers of the country. The classes must be kept distinct for a reason which will appear when the methods of the rich Jews and the methods of the poor Jews to gain power are differentiated. 首先是：并非所有犹太人都是富有的财富控制者。有很多贫穷的犹太人，尽管他们中的大多数人即使在贫穷中也是自己的主人。虽然这个国家的主要财务控制者可能是犹太人，但并不是每个犹太人都是这个国家的财务控制者之一。阶级必须进行区分，这样做的理由在对富有的犹太人和贫穷的犹太人获得权力的方法进行区分时就清楚了。
Secondly, the fact of Jewish solidarity renders it difficult to measure Gentile and Jewish achievements by the same standard. When a great block of wealth in America was made possible by the lavish use of another block of wealth from across the seas; that is to say, when certain Jewish immigrants came to the United States with the financial backing of European Jewry behind them, it would be unfair to explain the rise of that class of immigration by the same rules which account for the rise of, say, the Germans or the Poles who came here with no resource but their ambition and strength. To be sure, many individual Jews come in that way, too, with no dependence but themselves, but it would not be true to say that the massive control of affairs which is exercised by Jewish wealth was won by individual initiative; it was rather the extension of financial control across the sea. 其次，犹太人团结一致这一事实使得很难用同样的标准来衡量非犹太人和犹太人的成就。当能够用大洋彼岸的一大笔财富来大方地使能美国的一大笔财富时，也就是说，当某些犹太移民在欧洲犹太人的支持下来到美国时，用同样的规则来解释这类移民的崛起是不公平的，比如说，德国人或波兰人来到这里时，除了他们的野心和力量，没有任何资源。确定点说的话，许多犹太人个人也以这种方式来到这里，只能靠自己，但如果说犹太人财富对事务的大规模控制是由个人努力赢得的，那就不是真的了；更准确地说是大洋彼岸金融控制的延申实现的。
That, indeed, is where any explanation of Jewish control must begin. Here is a race whose entire period of national history saw them peasants on the land, whose ancient genius was spiritual rather than material, bucolic rather than commercial, yet today, when they have no country, no government, and are persecuted in one way or another everywhere they go, they are declared to be the principal though unofficial rulers of the earth. How does so strange a charge arise, and why do so many circumstances seem to justify it? 事实上，对犹太人控制的任何一种解释必须由此开始。这个种族，在其整个民族历史时期，他们在土地上务农，他们自古的禀赋是精神上的而非物质上的，农耕的而非商业的，然而今天，当他们没有国家，没有政府，无论走到哪里都受到这样或那样的迫害时，他们被宣布为虽非官方但却主要的地球统治者。如此奇怪的指控是如何产生的，为什么如此多的情况似乎证明了这一点？
Begin at the beginning. During the formative period of their national character the Jews lived under a law which made plutocracy and pauperism equally impossible among them. Modern reformers who are constructing model social systems on paper would do well to look into the social system under which the early Jews were organized. The Law of Moses made a "money aristocracy," such as Jewish financiers form today, impossible because it forbade the taking of interest. It made impossible also the continuous enjoyment of profit wrung out of another''''''''s distress. 从头先说。在他们民族性格形成的时期，犹太人生活在一项法律之下，这使得财阀统治和贫困在他们中间同样是不可能的。在理论上构建模范社会制度的现代改革者最好研究一下早期犹太人组织的社会制度。《摩西律法》使例如今天的犹太金融家形式的“金钱贵族”变得不可能，因为它禁止收取利息。这也使得从别人的痛苦中榨取利益的持续享受变得不可能。
Profiteering and sheer speculation were not favored under the Jewish system. There could be no land-hogging; the land was apportioned among the people, and though it might be lost by debt or sold under stress, it was returned every 50 years to its original family ownership, at which time, called "The Year of Jubilee," there was practically a new social beginning. The rise of great landlords and a moneyed class was impossible under such a system, although the interim of 50 years gave ample scope for individual initiative to assert itself under fair competitive conditions. 在犹太制度下，牟利和纯粹的投机是不受欢迎的。土地兼并不会出线；这块土地在百姓中分配，尽管它可能会因债务而失去或在困境下被出售，但每50年就会归还给原来的家庭所有，当时被称为“禧年”，实际上是一个新的社会开端。在这样的制度下，尽管50年的过渡期为个人在公平竞争条件下的自我奋斗提供了充足的空间，大地主和有钱阶层的崛起是不可能的。
If, therefore, the Jews had retained their status as a nation, and had remained in Palestine under the Law of Moses, they would hardly have achieved the financial distinction which they have since won. Jews never got rich out of one another. Even in modern times they have not become rich out of each other but out of the nations among whom they dwelt. 因此，如果犹太人保留了他们作为一个国家的地位，并根据摩西律法留在巴勒斯坦，他们就很难实现他们后来赢得的突出经济成就。犹太人从来不会从彼此身上赚钱而致富。即使在现代，他们也不是赚彼此的钱而致富，而是在他们所居住的国家赚钱致富。
Jewish law permitted the Jew to do business with a Gentile on a different basis than that on which he did business with a brother Jew. What is called "the Law of the Stranger" was defined thus: "unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury." 犹太法律允许犹太人与非犹太人做生意的依据与他与犹太兄弟做生意的基础不同。所谓的“陌生人法则”是这样定义的：“汝可借高利贷于陌生人，但不可借高利贷于汝之兄弟。”
Being dispersed among the nations, but never merging themselves with the nations and never losing a very distinctive identity, the Jew has had the opportunity to practice "the ethics of the stranger" for many centuries. Being strangers among strangers, and often among cruelly hostile strangers, they have found this law a compensating advantage. 犹太人分散在各个民族之间，但从未与各个民族融合，也从未失去一个非常独特的身份。几个世纪以来，犹太人一直有机会实践“陌生人的道德”。作为陌生人中的陌生人，且经常在充满敌意的陌生人中，他们发现这条法律是一种补偿性的优势。
Still, this alone would not account for the Jew''''''''s preeminence in finance. The explanation of that must be sought in the Jew himself, his vigor, resourcefulness and special proclivities. 尽管如此，单凭这一点并不能解释犹太人在金融领域的卓越地位。这一点必须从犹太人自身、他们的活力、足智多谋和特殊的癖好中寻找解释。
Very early in the Jewish story we discover the tendency of Israel to be a master nation, with other nations as its vassals. Notwithstanding the fact that the whole prophetic purpose with reference to Israel seems to have been the moral enlightenment of the world through its agency, Israel''''''''s "will to mastery" apparently hindered that purpose. At least such would seem to be the tone of the Old Testament. 在早期的犹太故事里，我们发现以色列有成为一个宗主国的趋势，其他国家则是它的附庸。尽管关于以色列的整个预言目的似乎是通过其对世界进行道德启蒙，但以色列的“掌控意愿”显然阻碍了这一目的。至少这似乎是《旧约》的基调。
Divinely ordered to drive out the Canaanites that their corrupt ideas might not contaminate Israel, the Jews did not obey, according to the old record. They looked over the Canaanitish people and perceived what great amount of man-power would be wasted if they were expelled, and so Israel enslaved them--"And it came to pass, when Israel was strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, and did not utterly drive them out." It was this form of disobedience, this preference of material mastery over spiritual leadership, that marked the beginning of Israel''''''''s age-long disciplinary distress. 根据古老记录，犹太人奉神谕驱逐迦南人，以免他们的腐败思想污染以色列，但他们没有服从。他们看着迦南人，意识到如果他们被驱逐，那么大量的人力将被浪费，于是以色列奴役了他们——“当以色列强大的时候，他们让迦南人纳贡，并没有完全驱逐他们。”这标志着以色列长久以来的戒律窘境之始。
The Jews'''''''' dispersion among the nations temporarily (that is, for more than 25 centuries now) changed the program which their scriptures declare was divinely planned, and that dispersion continues until today. 犹太人在各国之间的分散暂时（即如今超过了25个世纪）改变了他们的经文里所宣称的神圣计划，这种分散一直持续到今天。
There are spiritual leaders in modern Judaism who still claim that Israel''''''''s mission to the nations is spiritual, but their assertions that Israel is today fulfilling that mission are not as convincing as they might be if accompanied by more evidence. Israel throughout the modern centuries is still looking at the Gentile world and estimating what its man-power can be made to yield. 现代犹太教中有一些精神领袖仍然声称以色列对各国的使命是精神上的，但他们关于以色列今天正在履行这一使命的断言，因为缺乏证据而难以令人信服。在整个现代世纪里，以色列仍然在观察非犹太人的世界，并估计可以用他们的人力来生产什么。
But the discipline upon Israel still holds; he is an exile from his own land, condemned to be discriminated against wherever he goes, until the time when exile and homelessness shall end in a re-established Palestine, and Jerusalem again the moral center of the earth, even as the elder prophets have declared. 但对以色列的惩罚仍然在生效；他们是从自己的土地上流亡出来人，被诅咒无论走到哪里都会受到歧视，直到流亡和无家可归的生活终结于重建的巴勒斯坦，并且耶路撒冷再次成为地球的道德中心，正如老先知所宣称的那样。
Had the Jew become an employee, a worker for other men, his dispersion would not probably have been so wide. But becoming a trader, his instincts drew him round the habitable earth. There were Jews in China at an early date. They appeared as traders in England at the time of the Saxons. Jewish traders were in South America 100 years before the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. Jews established the sugar industry in the Island of St. Thomas in 1492. They were well established in Brazil when only a few villages dotted the eastern coast of what is now the United States. And how far they penetrated when once they came here is indicated by the fact that the first white child born in Georgia was a Jew--Isaac Minis. The Jew''''''''s presence round the earth, his clannishness with his own people, made him a nation scattered among the nations, a corporation with agents everywhere. 如果这个犹太人成为一名雇员，成为其他人的工人，他的分散可能就不会那么广泛了。但作为一个商人，他们的本能吸引了他去寻找适合居住的土地。中国很早就有犹太人。在萨克森人时代，他们以商人的身份出现在英格兰。犹太商人在清教徒先人登陆普利茅斯岩之前100年就已经在南美洲了。1492年，犹太人在圣托马斯岛建立了制糖业。当今天的美国还只是几个散布在东海岸的村落时，他们在巴西已经发展得很好了。他们一来到这里就渗透的程度，可以用这一事实表明：在佐治亚州出生的第一个白人孩子是犹太人——艾萨克·米尼斯。犹太人在世界各地的存在，他与自己的人民的宗族关系，使他成为一个分散在各国之间的国家，一个到处都有代理人的公司。
Another talent, however, contributed greatly to his rise in financial power--his ability to invent new devices for doing business. Until the Jew was pitted against the world, business was very crudely done. And when we trace the origins of many of the business methods which simplify and facilitate trade today, more likely than not we find a Jewish name at the end of the clue. Many of the indispensable instruments of credit and exchange were thought out by Jewish merchants, not only for use between themselves, but to check and hold the Gentiles with whom they dealt. The oldest bill of exchange extant was drawn by a Jew--one Simon Rubens. The promissory note was a Jewish invention, as was also the check "payable to bearer." 然而，另一个对他们金融实力的崛起做出了巨大贡献的才能是发明新商业手段的能力。在犹太人与世界对立之前，经商很粗略。当我们追溯许多简化和促进当今贸易的商业方法的起源时，我们很可能会在线索的终点找到一个犹太名字。许多不可或缺的信用和交换工具都是犹太商人想出的，不仅是为了在他们之间使用，而且是为了制约与他们打交道的非犹太人。现存最古老的汇票是由一位名叫西蒙·鲁本斯的犹太人开出的。期票是犹太人的发明，不记名支票也是。
An interesting bit of history attaches to the "payable to bearer" instrument. The Jews'''''''' enemies were always stripping them of their last ounce of wealth, yet strangely, the Jews recovered very quickly and were soon rich again. How this sudden recovery from looting and poverty? 不记名支票有一段有趣的历史。犹太人的敌人总是剥夺他们最后一盎司的财富，但奇怪的是，犹太人很快就恢复且又变得富有了。如何从抢劫和贫困中迅速恢复？
Their assets were concealed under "bearer" and so a goodly portion was always saved. In an age when it was lawful for any pirate to seize goods consigned to Jews, the Jews were able to protect themselves by consigning goods on policies that bore no names. 他们的资产被隐藏在“不记名”之下，因此总有相当一部分被保存下来。在一个任何海盗都可以扣押托付给犹太人的货物的时代，犹太人能够通不记名的托运货物政策来保护自己。
The influence of the Jew was to center business around goods instead of persons. Previously all claims had been against persons; the Jew knew that the goods were more reliable than the persons with whom he dealt, and so he contrived to have claims laid against goods. Besides, this device enabled him to keep himself out of sight as much as possible. 犹太人的影响是以商品而不是人为中心进行商业活动。以前所有索赔都是针对个人的；犹太人知道货物比与他打交道的人更可靠，所以他设法对货物提出索赔。此外，这种方法使他能够尽可能地避开人们的视野。
This introduced an element of hardness into business, inasmuch as it was goods which were being dealt in rather than men being dealt with, and this hardness remains. Another tendency which survives and which is of advantage in veiling the very large control which Jews have attained, is of the same origin as "bearer" bills; it permits a business dominated by Jewish capital to appear under a name that gives no hint of Jewish control. 这为商业引入了一点困难，因为交易的是商品，而不是人，这种困难仍然存在。另一种存在下来的趋势，有利于掩盖犹太人获得的巨大控制，它与不记名票据有着相同的根源；它允许一家由犹太资本主导的企业以一个没有任何犹太控制迹象的名字展现出来。
The Jew is the only and original international capitalist, but as a rule he prefers not to emblazon that fact upon the skies; he prefers to use Gentile banks and trust companies as his agents and instruments. The suggestive term "Gentile front" often appears in connection with this practice. 犹太人是唯一的且最早的国际资本家，但按规矩他们通常他不愿意把这一事实大肆宣传；他们更喜欢使用非犹太银行和信托公司作为他的代理人和工具。引人遐想的术语“非犹太前台”经常与这种做法联系在一起。
The invention of the stock exchange is also credited to Jewish financial talent. In Berlin, Paris, London, Frankfort and Hamburg, Jews were in control of the first stock exchanges, while Venice and Genoa were openly referred to in the talk of the day as "Jew cities" where great trading and banking facilities might be found. The Bank of England was established upon the counsel and assistance of Jewish emigrants from Holland. The Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of Hamburg both arose through Jewish influence. 证券交易所的发明也归功于犹太金融人才。在柏林、巴黎、伦敦、法兰克福和汉堡，犹太人控制着第一批证券交易所，而威尼斯和热那亚在当时的言论中被公开称为“犹太人城市”，在那里可能有大型的贸易和银行设施。英格兰银行是在荷兰犹太移民的辅导和协助下成立的。阿姆斯特丹银行和汉堡银行都是由于犹太人的影响而发展起来的。
There is a curious fact to be noted in connection with the persecution and consequent wanderings of the Jews about Europe and that is: wherever they wandered, the center of business seemed to go with them. When the Jews were free in Spain, there was the world''''''''s gold center. When Spain drove out the Jews, Spain lost financial leadership and has never regained it. Students of the economic history of Europe have always been puzzled to discover why the center of trade should have shifted from Spain, Portugal and Italy, up to the northern countries of Holland, Germany, and England. They have sought for the cause in many things, but one has proved completely explanatory. When, however, it is known that the change was coincident with the expulsion of the Jews from the South and their flight to the North, when it is known that upon the Jews'''''''' arrival the northern countries began a commercial life which has flourished until our day, the explanation does not seem difficult. Time and again it has proved to be the fact that when the Jews were forced to move, the center of the world''''''''s precious metals moved with them. 关于犹太人在欧洲受到的迫害和随后的漂泊，有一个奇怪的事实需要注意：无论他们在哪里漂泊，商业中心似乎都跟随着他们。当犹太人在西班牙获得自由时，那里是世界黄金中心。当西班牙驱逐犹太人时，西班牙失去了金融领导地位，再也没有恢复过。研究欧洲经济史的学生一直困惑于为什么贸易中心应该从西班牙、葡萄牙和意大利转移到荷兰、德国和英国等北部国家。他们在许多事情上都寻求原因，但有一件事被证明是完全可以解释的。不管怎样，当人们知道这一变化与犹太人被驱逐出南方并逃往北方同时发生时，当人们得知犹太人抵达北方后，北方国家开始了繁荣至今的商业生活时，解释似乎并不困难。事实一再证明，当犹太人被迫迁移时，世界贵金属的中心也随之迁移。
[Issue of May 22, 1920.] 【1920年5月22日刊发】
I. The Jew in Character and Business 一、性格上及生意中的犹太人
The Jew is again being singled out for critical attention throughout the world. His emergence in the financial, political and social spheres has been so complete and spectacular since the war, that his place, power and purpose in the world are being given a new scrutiny, much of it unfriendly. Persecution is not a new experience to the Jew, but intensive scrutiny of his nature and super-nationality is. He has suffered for more than 2,000 years from what may be called the instinctive anti-Semitism of the other races, but this antagonism has never been intelligent nor has it been able to make itself intelligible. 犹太人再次单独被全世界所瞩目。自战争以来，他们在金融、政治和社会领域的崛起是如此全面和引人注目，以至于他们在世界上的地位、权力和目的正在受到新的审查，这些审查很大程度上是不友善的。迫害对犹太人来说并不是一种新的经历，但对他们的本性和超民族性的深入审查却是。他们遭受了2000多年其他种族本能的反犹太主义，但这种敌意既不明智也不让人明白。
Nowadays, however, the Jew is being placed, as it were, under the microscope of economic observation that the reasons for his power, the reasons for his separateness, the reasons for his suffering may be defined and understood. 然而，如今犹太人被置于可以说是经济观察的显微镜下，以定义和理解他们权力的所以、不合群的缘故和痛苦的因由。
In Russia he is charged with being the source of Bolshevism, an accusation which is serious or not according to the circle in which it is made; we in America, hearing the fervid eloquence and perceiving the prophetic ardor of young Jewish apostles of social and industrial reform, can calmly estimate how it may be. In Germany he is charged with being the cause of the Empire''''''''s collapse and a very considerable literature has sprung up, bearing with it a mass of circumstantial evidence that gives the thinker pause. In England he is charged with being the real world ruler, who rules as a super-nation over the nations, rules by the power of gold, and who plays nation against nation for his own purposes, remaining himself discreetly in the background. In America it is pointed out to what extent the elder Jews of wealth and the younger Jews of ambition swarmed through the war organizations--principally those departments which dealt with the commercial and industrial business of war, and also the extent to which they have clung to the advantage which their experience as agents of the government gave them. 在俄罗斯，他们被指控为布尔什维克主义的源头，而不同的圈子提出的指控有的严肃有的不严肃；在美国，我们听到鼓吹社会和工业改革的年轻犹太信徒口若悬河，热情澎湃，能够冷静地评估情况如何。在德国，他们被指控是帝国崩溃的原因，并且有一部值得注意的文献兴起，其中有大量的间接证据引人深思。在英国，他们被指控为真正的世界统治者，以超级国家的身份统治各国，用黄金的力量进行统治，为了自己的目的让国与国对抗，自己则小心翼翼地躲在幕后。在美国，有人指出富有的犹太长者和雄心勃勃的犹太青年在多大程度上蜂拥至战争组织——主要是那些处理战争商业和工业事务的部门，在多大程度上他们紧抓作为政府代理人的经验给他们带来的优势。
In simple words, the question of the Jews has come to the fore, but like other questions which lend themselves to prejudice, efforts will be made to hush it up as impolitic for open discussion. If, however, experience has taught us anything it is that questions thus suppressed will sooner or later break out in undesirable and unprofitable forms. 简而言之，犹太人的问题已经凸显出来，但就像其他容易产生偏见的问题一样，会因不适合公开讨论而被努力掩盖。然而，如果说经验教会了我们什么的话，那就是被这样压抑的问题迟早会以不理想和没好处的形式爆发。
The Jew is the world''''''''s enigma. Poor in his masses, he yet controls the world''''''''s finances. Scattered abroad without country or government, he yet presents a unity of race continuity which no other people has achieved. 犹太人是世界之谜。他们虽然人数少，却控制着世界金融。他们散居各国，没有国家或政府，却展现了其他民族所没有实现过的种族团结一致性。
Living under legal disabilities in almost every land, he has become the power behind many a throne. There are ancient prophecies to the effect that the Jew will return to his own land and from that center rule the world, though not until he has undergone an assault by the united nations of mankind. 在几乎每一个国家，他们都生活得没有法律地位，却成为了许多王位背后的权力。古老的预言说，犹太人将回到自己的土地上，并从那个中心统治世界，尽管他要先经历人类国家联合的打击。
The single description which will include a larger percentage of Jews than members of any other race is this: he is in business. It may be only gathering rags and selling them, but he is in business. From the sale of old clothes to the control of international trade and finance, the Jew is supremely gifted for business. More than any other race he exhibits a decided aversion to industrial employment, which he balances by an equally decided adaptability to trade. The Gentile boy works his way up, taking employment in the productive or technical departments; but the Jewish boy prefers to begin as messenger, salesman or clerk--anything--so long as it is connected with the commercial side of the business. An early Prussian census illustrates this characteristic: of a total population of 269,400, the Jews comprised six percent or 16,164. Of these, 12,000 were traders and 4,164 were workmen. Of the Gentile population, the other 94 per cent, or 153,236 people, there were only 17,000 traders. 用一句话来描述犹太人比其它民族比例都高的是：他们经商。可能只是捡破布来卖，但他们在经商。从销售旧衣服到控制国际贸易和金融，犹太人在经商方面天赋异禀。与其他民族相比，他们对勤奋地就业表现出明显厌恶，却展现了对贸易的明显适应。非犹太男孩在生产或技术部门工作，一步步上升；但犹太男孩更喜欢从信使、推销员或文员开始，任何与经商有关的事情都行。普鲁士早期的人口普查说明了这一特点：在269400总人口中，犹太人占6%，即16164人。其中12000人是商人，4164人是打工人。在另外94%的非犹太人口里，即153236人中只有17000名商人。
A modern census would show a large professional and literary class added to the traders, but no diminution of the percentage of traders and not much if any increase in the number of wage toilers. In America alone most of the big business, the trusts and the banks, the natural resources and the chief agricultural products, especially tobacco, cotton and sugar, are in the control of Jewish financiers or their agents. Jewish journalists are a large and powerful group here. "Large numbers of department stores are held by Jewish firms," says the Jewish Encyclopedia, and many if not most of them are run under Gentile names. 现代人口普查将显示，在商人基础上增加了大量的专业和文艺阶层，但商人的比例没有下降，工薪劳动者的数量也没有增加多少。仅在美国，大多数大企业、信托和银行、自然资源和主要农产品，尤其是烟草、棉花和糖，都由犹太金融家或其代理人控制。犹太记者在这里是一个庞大而有力的群体。《犹太百科全书》说：“大量的百货公司都是由犹太公司经营的”，其中许多或大多数都是以非犹太人的名字经营的。
Jews are the largest and most numerous landlords of residence property in the country. They are supreme in the theatrical world. They absolutely control the circulation of publications throughout the country. Fewer than any race whose presence among us is noticeable, they receive daily an amount of favorable publicity which would be impossible did they not have the facilities for creating and distributing it themselves. Werner Sombart, in his "Jew and Modern Capitalism" says, "If the conditions in America continue to develop along the same lines as in the last generation, if the immigration statistics and the proportion of births among all the nationalities remain the same, our imagination may picture the United States of fifty or a hundred years hence as a land inhabited only by Slavs, Negroes and Jews, wherein the Jews will naturally occupy the position of economic leadership." Sombart is a pro-Jewish writer. 犹太人是国内最庞大、数量最多的住宅业主。他们在戏剧界无与伦比。他们绝对控制着全国各地出版物的发行。他们比我们任何民族都低调，但他们每天都会得到大量的正面宣传，如果他们没有自己创建和发行的机构，这是不可能的。维尔纳·桑巴特在他的《犹太人与现代资本主义》中说，“如果美国的条件继续像上一代一样发展，如果移民统计数据和所有民族的出生比例保持不变，我们的想象可能会把50年或100年后的美国描绘成一片只有斯拉夫人、黑人和犹太人居住的土地，在那里犹太人自然会占据经济领导地位。桑巴特是一位亲犹太的作家。
The question is, If the Jew is in control, how did it happen? This is a free country. The Jew comprises only about three percent of the population; to every Jew there are 97 Gentiles; to the 3,000,000 Jews in the United States there are 97,000,000 Gentiles. If the Jew is in control, is it because of his superior ability, or is it because of the inferiority and don''''''''t-care attitude of the Gentiles? 问题是，如果犹太人掌了权，是怎么实现的？这是一个自由的国家。犹太人只占人口的3%左右；每个犹太人对应97个非犹太人；美国300万犹太人对应着9700万是非犹太人。如果犹太人掌了权，是因为他们的能力更强，还是因为非犹太人不行以及不在乎的态度？
It would be very simple to answer that the Jews came to America, took their chances like other people and proved more successful in the competitive struggle. But that would not include all the facts. And before a more adequate answer can be given, two points should be made clear. 说犹太人来到美国，像其他人一样抓住了机会，并在竞争性的奋斗中证明了自己更成功，这是太简单的回答。但这并不包括所有事实。在给出更充分的答案之前，应该明确两点。
This first is this: all Jews are not rich controllers of wealth. There are poor Jews aplenty, though most of them even in their poverty are their own masters. While it may be true that the chief financial controllers of the country are Jews, it is not true that every Jew is one of the financial controllers of the country. The classes must be kept distinct for a reason which will appear when the methods of the rich Jews and the methods of the poor Jews to gain power are differentiated. 首先是：并非所有犹太人都是富有的财富控制者。有很多贫穷的犹太人，尽管他们中的大多数人即使在贫穷中也是自己的主人。虽然这个国家的主要财务控制者可能是犹太人，但并不是每个犹太人都是这个国家的财务控制者之一。阶级必须进行区分，这样做的理由在对富有的犹太人和贫穷的犹太人获得权力的方法进行区分时就清楚了。
Secondly, the fact of Jewish solidarity renders it difficult to measure Gentile and Jewish achievements by the same standard. When a great block of wealth in America was made possible by the lavish use of another block of wealth from across the seas; that is to say, when certain Jewish immigrants came to the United States with the financial backing of European Jewry behind them, it would be unfair to explain the rise of that class of immigration by the same rules which account for the rise of, say, the Germans or the Poles who came here with no resource but their ambition and strength. To be sure, many individual Jews come in that way, too, with no dependence but themselves, but it would not be true to say that the massive control of affairs which is exercised by Jewish wealth was won by individual initiative; it was rather the extension of financial control across the sea. 其次，犹太人团结一致这一事实使得很难用同样的标准来衡量非犹太人和犹太人的成就。当能够用大洋彼岸的一大笔财富来大方地使能美国的一大笔财富时，也就是说，当某些犹太移民在欧洲犹太人的支持下来到美国时，用同样的规则来解释这类移民的崛起是不公平的，比如说，德国人或波兰人来到这里时，除了他们的野心和力量，没有任何资源。确定点说的话，许多犹太人个人也以这种方式来到这里，只能靠自己，但如果说犹太人财富对事务的大规模控制是由个人努力赢得的，那就不是真的了；更准确地说是大洋彼岸金融控制的延申实现的。
That, indeed, is where any explanation of Jewish control must begin. Here is a race whose entire period of national history saw them peasants on the land, whose ancient genius was spiritual rather than material, bucolic rather than commercial, yet today, when they have no country, no government, and are persecuted in one way or another everywhere they go, they are declared to be the principal though unofficial rulers of the earth. How does so strange a charge arise, and why do so many circumstances seem to justify it? 事实上，对犹太人控制的任何一种解释必须由此开始。这个种族，在其整个民族历史时期，他们在土地上务农，他们自古的禀赋是精神上的而非物质上的，农耕的而非商业的，然而今天，当他们没有国家，没有政府，无论走到哪里都受到这样或那样的迫害时，他们被宣布为虽非官方但却主要的地球统治者。如此奇怪的指控是如何产生的，为什么如此多的情况似乎证明了这一点？
Begin at the beginning. During the formative period of their national character the Jews lived under a law which made plutocracy and pauperism equally impossible among them. Modern reformers who are constructing model social systems on paper would do well to look into the social system under which the early Jews were organized. The Law of Moses made a "money aristocracy," such as Jewish financiers form today, impossible because it forbade the taking of interest. It made impossible also the continuous enjoyment of profit wrung out of another''''''''s distress. 从头先说。在他们民族性格形成的时期，犹太人生活在一项法律之下，这使得财阀统治和贫困在他们中间同样是不可能的。在理论上构建模范社会制度的现代改革者最好研究一下早期犹太人组织的社会制度。《摩西律法》使例如今天的犹太金融家形式的“金钱贵族”变得不可能，因为它禁止收取利息。这也使得从别人的痛苦中榨取利益的持续享受变得不可能。
Profiteering and sheer speculation were not favored under the Jewish system. There could be no land-hogging; the land was apportioned among the people, and though it might be lost by debt or sold under stress, it was returned every 50 years to its original family ownership, at which time, called "The Year of Jubilee," there was practically a new social beginning. The rise of great landlords and a moneyed class was impossible under such a system, although the interim of 50 years gave ample scope for individual initiative to assert itself under fair competitive conditions. 在犹太制度下，牟利和纯粹的投机是不受欢迎的。土地兼并不会出线；这块土地在百姓中分配，尽管它可能会因债务而失去或在困境下被出售，但每50年就会归还给原来的家庭所有，当时被称为“禧年”，实际上是一个新的社会开端。在这样的制度下，尽管50年的过渡期为个人在公平竞争条件下的自我奋斗提供了充足的空间，大地主和有钱阶层的崛起是不可能的。
If, therefore, the Jews had retained their status as a nation, and had remained in Palestine under the Law of Moses, they would hardly have achieved the financial distinction which they have since won. Jews never got rich out of one another. Even in modern times they have not become rich out of each other but out of the nations among whom they dwelt. 因此，如果犹太人保留了他们作为一个国家的地位，并根据摩西律法留在巴勒斯坦，他们就很难实现他们后来赢得的突出经济成就。犹太人从来不会从彼此身上赚钱而致富。即使在现代，他们也不是赚彼此的钱而致富，而是在他们所居住的国家赚钱致富。
Jewish law permitted the Jew to do business with a Gentile on a different basis than that on which he did business with a brother Jew. What is called "the Law of the Stranger" was defined thus: "unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury." 犹太法律允许犹太人与非犹太人做生意的依据与他与犹太兄弟做生意的基础不同。所谓的“陌生人法则”是这样定义的：“汝可借高利贷于陌生人，但不可借高利贷于汝之兄弟。”
Being dispersed among the nations, but never merging themselves with the nations and never losing a very distinctive identity, the Jew has had the opportunity to practice "the ethics of the stranger" for many centuries. Being strangers among strangers, and often among cruelly hostile strangers, they have found this law a compensating advantage. 犹太人分散在各个民族之间，但从未与各个民族融合，也从未失去一个非常独特的身份。几个世纪以来，犹太人一直有机会实践“陌生人的道德”。作为陌生人中的陌生人，且经常在充满敌意的陌生人中，他们发现这条法律是一种补偿性的优势。
Still, this alone would not account for the Jew''''''''s preeminence in finance. The explanation of that must be sought in the Jew himself, his vigor, resourcefulness and special proclivities. 尽管如此，单凭这一点并不能解释犹太人在金融领域的卓越地位。这一点必须从犹太人自身、他们的活力、足智多谋和特殊的癖好中寻找解释。
Very early in the Jewish story we discover the tendency of Israel to be a master nation, with other nations as its vassals. Notwithstanding the fact that the whole prophetic purpose with reference to Israel seems to have been the moral enlightenment of the world through its agency, Israel''''''''s "will to mastery" apparently hindered that purpose. At least such would seem to be the tone of the Old Testament. 在早期的犹太故事里，我们发现以色列有成为一个宗主国的趋势，其他国家则是它的附庸。尽管关于以色列的整个预言目的似乎是通过其对世界进行道德启蒙，但以色列的“掌控意愿”显然阻碍了这一目的。至少这似乎是《旧约》的基调。
Divinely ordered to drive out the Canaanites that their corrupt ideas might not contaminate Israel, the Jews did not obey, according to the old record. They looked over the Canaanitish people and perceived what great amount of man-power would be wasted if they were expelled, and so Israel enslaved them--"And it came to pass, when Israel was strong, that they put the Canaanites to tribute, and did not utterly drive them out." It was this form of disobedience, this preference of material mastery over spiritual leadership, that marked the beginning of Israel''''''''s age-long disciplinary distress. 根据古老记录，犹太人奉神谕驱逐迦南人，以免他们的腐败思想污染以色列，但他们没有服从。他们看着迦南人，意识到如果他们被驱逐，那么大量的人力将被浪费，于是以色列奴役了他们——“当以色列强大的时候，他们让迦南人纳贡，并没有完全驱逐他们。”这标志着以色列长久以来的戒律窘境之始。
The Jews'''''''' dispersion among the nations temporarily (that is, for more than 25 centuries now) changed the program which their scriptures declare was divinely planned, and that dispersion continues until today. 犹太人在各国之间的分散暂时（即如今超过了25个世纪）改变了他们的经文里所宣称的神圣计划，这种分散一直持续到今天。
There are spiritual leaders in modern Judaism who still claim that Israel''''''''s mission to the nations is spiritual, but their assertions that Israel is today fulfilling that mission are not as convincing as they might be if accompanied by more evidence. Israel throughout the modern centuries is still looking at the Gentile world and estimating what its man-power can be made to yield. 现代犹太教中有一些精神领袖仍然声称以色列对各国的使命是精神上的，但他们关于以色列今天正在履行这一使命的断言，因为缺乏证据而难以令人信服。在整个现代世纪里，以色列仍然在观察非犹太人的世界，并估计可以用他们的人力来生产什么。
But the discipline upon Israel still holds; he is an exile from his own land, condemned to be discriminated against wherever he goes, until the time when exile and homelessness shall end in a re-established Palestine, and Jerusalem again the moral center of the earth, even as the elder prophets have declared. 但对以色列的惩罚仍然在生效；他们是从自己的土地上流亡出来人，被诅咒无论走到哪里都会受到歧视，直到流亡和无家可归的生活终结于重建的巴勒斯坦，并且耶路撒冷再次成为地球的道德中心，正如老先知所宣称的那样。
Had the Jew become an employee, a worker for other men, his dispersion would not probably have been so wide. But becoming a trader, his instincts drew him round the habitable earth. There were Jews in China at an early date. They appeared as traders in England at the time of the Saxons. Jewish traders were in South America 100 years before the Pilgrim Fathers landed at Plymouth Rock. Jews established the sugar industry in the Island of St. Thomas in 1492. They were well established in Brazil when only a few villages dotted the eastern coast of what is now the United States. And how far they penetrated when once they came here is indicated by the fact that the first white child born in Georgia was a Jew--Isaac Minis. The Jew''''''''s presence round the earth, his clannishness with his own people, made him a nation scattered among the nations, a corporation with agents everywhere. 如果这个犹太人成为一名雇员，成为其他人的工人，他的分散可能就不会那么广泛了。但作为一个商人，他们的本能吸引了他去寻找适合居住的土地。中国很早就有犹太人。在萨克森人时代，他们以商人的身份出现在英格兰。犹太商人在清教徒先人登陆普利茅斯岩之前100年就已经在南美洲了。1492年，犹太人在圣托马斯岛建立了制糖业。当今天的美国还只是几个散布在东海岸的村落时，他们在巴西已经发展得很好了。他们一来到这里就渗透的程度，可以用这一事实表明：在佐治亚州出生的第一个白人孩子是犹太人——艾萨克·米尼斯。犹太人在世界各地的存在，他与自己的人民的宗族关系，使他成为一个分散在各国之间的国家，一个到处都有代理人的公司。
Another talent, however, contributed greatly to his rise in financial power--his ability to invent new devices for doing business. Until the Jew was pitted against the world, business was very crudely done. And when we trace the origins of many of the business methods which simplify and facilitate trade today, more likely than not we find a Jewish name at the end of the clue. Many of the indispensable instruments of credit and exchange were thought out by Jewish merchants, not only for use between themselves, but to check and hold the Gentiles with whom they dealt. The oldest bill of exchange extant was drawn by a Jew--one Simon Rubens. The promissory note was a Jewish invention, as was also the check "payable to bearer." 然而，另一个对他们金融实力的崛起做出了巨大贡献的才能是发明新商业手段的能力。在犹太人与世界对立之前，经商很粗略。当我们追溯许多简化和促进当今贸易的商业方法的起源时，我们很可能会在线索的终点找到一个犹太名字。许多不可或缺的信用和交换工具都是犹太商人想出的，不仅是为了在他们之间使用，而且是为了制约与他们打交道的非犹太人。现存最古老的汇票是由一位名叫西蒙·鲁本斯的犹太人开出的。期票是犹太人的发明，不记名支票也是。
An interesting bit of history attaches to the "payable to bearer" instrument. The Jews'''''''' enemies were always stripping them of their last ounce of wealth, yet strangely, the Jews recovered very quickly and were soon rich again. How this sudden recovery from looting and poverty? 不记名支票有一段有趣的历史。犹太人的敌人总是剥夺他们最后一盎司的财富，但奇怪的是，犹太人很快就恢复且又变得富有了。如何从抢劫和贫困中迅速恢复？
Their assets were concealed under "bearer" and so a goodly portion was always saved. In an age when it was lawful for any pirate to seize goods consigned to Jews, the Jews were able to protect themselves by consigning goods on policies that bore no names. 他们的资产被隐藏在“不记名”之下，因此总有相当一部分被保存下来。在一个任何海盗都可以扣押托付给犹太人的货物的时代，犹太人能够通不记名的托运货物政策来保护自己。
The influence of the Jew was to center business around goods instead of persons. Previously all claims had been against persons; the Jew knew that the goods were more reliable than the persons with whom he dealt, and so he contrived to have claims laid against goods. Besides, this device enabled him to keep himself out of sight as much as possible. 犹太人的影响是以商品而不是人为中心进行商业活动。以前所有索赔都是针对个人的；犹太人知道货物比与他打交道的人更可靠，所以他设法对货物提出索赔。此外，这种方法使他能够尽可能地避开人们的视野。
This introduced an element of hardness into business, inasmuch as it was goods which were being dealt in rather than men being dealt with, and this hardness remains. Another tendency which survives and which is of advantage in veiling the very large control which Jews have attained, is of the same origin as "bearer" bills; it permits a business dominated by Jewish capital to appear under a name that gives no hint of Jewish control. 这为商业引入了一点困难，因为交易的是商品，而不是人，这种困难仍然存在。另一种存在下来的趋势，有利于掩盖犹太人获得的巨大控制，它与不记名票据有着相同的根源；它允许一家由犹太资本主导的企业以一个没有任何犹太控制迹象的名字展现出来。
The Jew is the only and original international capitalist, but as a rule he prefers not to emblazon that fact upon the skies; he prefers to use Gentile banks and trust companies as his agents and instruments. The suggestive term "Gentile front" often appears in connection with this practice. 犹太人是唯一的且最早的国际资本家，但按规矩他们通常他不愿意把这一事实大肆宣传；他们更喜欢使用非犹太银行和信托公司作为他的代理人和工具。引人遐想的术语“非犹太前台”经常与这种做法联系在一起。
The invention of the stock exchange is also credited to Jewish financial talent. In Berlin, Paris, London, Frankfort and Hamburg, Jews were in control of the first stock exchanges, while Venice and Genoa were openly referred to in the talk of the day as "Jew cities" where great trading and banking facilities might be found. The Bank of England was established upon the counsel and assistance of Jewish emigrants from Holland. The Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of Hamburg both arose through Jewish influence. 证券交易所的发明也归功于犹太金融人才。在柏林、巴黎、伦敦、法兰克福和汉堡，犹太人控制着第一批证券交易所，而威尼斯和热那亚在当时的言论中被公开称为“犹太人城市”，在那里可能有大型的贸易和银行设施。英格兰银行是在荷兰犹太移民的辅导和协助下成立的。阿姆斯特丹银行和汉堡银行都是由于犹太人的影响而发展起来的。
There is a curious fact to be noted in connection with the persecution and consequent wanderings of the Jews about Europe and that is: wherever they wandered, the center of business seemed to go with them. When the Jews were free in Spain, there was the world''''''''s gold center. When Spain drove out the Jews, Spain lost financial leadership and has never regained it. Students of the economic history of Europe have always been puzzled to discover why the center of trade should have shifted from Spain, Portugal and Italy, up to the northern countries of Holland, Germany, and England. They have sought for the cause in many things, but one has proved completely explanatory. When, however, it is known that the change was coincident with the expulsion of the Jews from the South and their flight to the North, when it is known that upon the Jews'''''''' arrival the northern countries began a commercial life which has flourished until our day, the explanation does not seem difficult. Time and again it has proved to be the fact that when the Jews were forced to move, the center of the world''''''''s precious metals moved with them. 关于犹太人在欧洲受到的迫害和随后的漂泊，有一个奇怪的事实需要注意：无论他们在哪里漂泊，商业中心似乎都跟随着他们。当犹太人在西班牙获得自由时，那里是世界黄金中心。当西班牙驱逐犹太人时，西班牙失去了金融领导地位，再也没有恢复过。研究欧洲经济史的学生一直困惑于为什么贸易中心应该从西班牙、葡萄牙和意大利转移到荷兰、德国和英国等北部国家。他们在许多事情上都寻求原因，但有一件事被证明是完全可以解释的。不管怎样，当人们知道这一变化与犹太人被驱逐出南方并逃往北方同时发生时，当人们得知犹太人抵达北方后，北方国家开始了繁荣至今的商业生活时，解释似乎并不困难。事实一再证明，当犹太人被迫迁移时，世界贵金属的中心也随之迁移。
