油墨里独自芬芳的百里香:莎士比亚的超级迷你小精灵
二: 莎士比亚的超级迷你小精灵
一提到文学作品里的百里香,大多数西方读者最先想到的是莎士比亚的《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)第二幕第一场的一段台词:
奥伯隆:
“我知道一处野百里香盛开的斜坡,牛唇报春花和低垂的紫香堇也长在那儿,馥郁的金银花、芬芳的麝香玫瑰和锈红蔷薇张起了一副锦帷。有时提泰妮娅躺在群花中,柔舞轻歌抚着她安睡。蛇儿蜕下闪亮的皮,小精灵拿来做合身的外衣。我要把这朵花的汁液洒在她的眼上,让她充满了可怕的幻想和欲望。(他给了罗宾一些花)你拿着这些花去林中找找,一位可爱的雅典女人爱上了一位薄幸公子,把花汁点在他的眼睛上,确保他下一个见到的就是这位姑娘。他穿着雅典人的服饰,你一定认得出他。小心执行我的吩咐,让他最终爱那个姑娘胜过姑娘爱他。在雄鸡第一声打鸣之前来见我。”
(OBERON
I know a bank where the wild thyme blows,
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows,
Quite overcanopied with luscious woodbine,
With sweet musk roses and with eglantine.
There sleeps Titania sometime of the night,
Lulled in these flowers with dances and delight.
And there the snake throws her enameled skin,
Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in.
And with the juice of this I’ll streak her eyes
And make her full of hateful fantasies.
(gives ROBIN some of the flower)
Take thou some of it and seek through this grove:
A sweet Athenian lady is in love
With a disdainful youth. Anoint his eyes.
But do it when the next thing he espies
May be the lady. Thou shalt know the man
By the Athenian garments he hath on.
Effect it with some care, that he may prove
More fond on her than she upon her love.
And look thou meet me ere the first cock crow.)
这段话是精灵国王奥伯隆(Oberon)对手下罗宾(Robin,也叫Puck ,浦克)的吩咐。 他与妻子提泰妮娅(Titania)发生了激烈的争执,为了报复妻子,命令罗宾采来“爱懒花”(即三色堇)的花汁,滴在她的眼睛上,使她醒来后疯狂地爱上第一眼见到的人或动物。同时他命令罗宾把花汁也滴在狄米特律斯(Demetrius,戏剧中的四个恋人之一)眼里。
这是一出以精灵撑起半壁江山的大戏,精灵们在第二幕出场,他们用充满诗情画意的轻柔韵律说话,以诙谐轻快的恶作剧方式引发了爱情的困惑和失衡,但最终又通过魔法让爱情回归原位皆大欢喜。里面的精灵人物是以英国民间传说为基础创作的,植根于本土,兼具国际性。比如奥伯隆和王后提泰妮娅的名字就很国际化,奥伯隆是法国名字,提泰妮娅这个名字来自古罗马诗人奥维德(Ovid,公元前43年-公元17/18年)的《变形记》(Metamorphoses)。精灵王和精灵王后以世界为家,“到处游荡,比月球转动还快”(wander everywhere / Swifter than the moon’s sphere ”。提泰妮娅还是印度某异教的女神,有一个很虔诚的教徒女友。女教徒难产死后,提泰妮娅收养了她的儿子。戏剧开始时,他们刚刚从印度回来,前往雅典参加特修斯(Theseus)和 希波吕塔(Hippolyta)的婚礼。奥伯隆的随从浦克也是一位旅行高手,能够“在四十分钟内环绕地球一周”(put a girdle round about the earth / In forty minutes)。- 这些都是精灵国际化的表现。
另一方面,为了给雅典公爵的大婚助兴而在森林里排演戏剧的一帮业余演员,包括织匠、木匠、补锅匠、裁缝、风箱匠等,使得雅典具有浓厚的英格兰乡村气息。罗宾的各种恶作剧也与英国的乡土生活息息相关,比如,第二幕第一场,罗宾与小精灵们有一段生动的对话:
小精灵说:“要是我没有把你认错,你就是调皮狡黠的精灵,叫罗宾好人儿。你就是惯爱吓唬乡村女士,从牛乳上抹去乳脂,有时让气喘吁吁的主妇们半天也磨不出面粉,有时让啤酒不能发酵,让夜行者迷了路,自己却偷偷笑他们。叫你‘淘气鬼 ’和‘好浦克’的那些人,你就为他们工作,给他们带来好运。是你,对吧?”
(FAIRY
Either I mistake your shape and making quite,
Or else you are that shrewd and knavish sprite
Called Robin Goodfellow. Are not you he
That frights the maidens of the villagery,
Skim milk, and sometimes labor in the quern
And bootless make the breathless housewife churn,
And sometime make the drink to bear no barm,
Mislead night-wanderers, laughing at their harm?
Those that “Hobgoblin” call you, and “sweet Puck,”
You do their work, and they shall have good luck.)
Are not you he?
罗宾答:“你说对了,我就是那个快活的夜游者。我跟奥伯隆讲笑话逗他发笑。我会学着母马的嘶声,欺骗一只肥胖精壮的雄马。有时我化作一颗烤熟的野苹果,躲在老太婆的酒碗底,当她喝酒的时候,我弹到她的嘴唇上,麦酒洒在她皱瘪的脖子上。有时一位聪明的老妇正在讲一个悲伤的故事,以为我是一只三角凳,坐在上面,我从她的屁股下溜走,让她摔个四脚朝天,哭着说:“我的屁股”,然后开始咳嗽。周围的人笑的前仰后合,眼泪鼻涕都笑出来,发誓说没有比这更快乐的时光了。”
(ROBIN
Thou speak’st aright.
I am that merry wanderer of the night.
I jest to Oberon and make him smile
When I a fat and bean-fed horse beguile,
Neighing in likeness of a filly foal.
And sometime lurk I in a gossip’s bowl
In very likeness of a roasted crab,
And when she drinks, against her lips I bob
And on her withered dewlap pour the ale.
The wisest aunt telling the saddest tale
Sometime for three-foot stool mistaketh me.
Then slip I from her bum, down topples she,
And “Tailor!” cries, and falls into a cough,
And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh,
And waxen in their mirth, and neeze, and swear
A merrier hour was never wasted there.)
以上的对话很接地气,充满乡村生活情趣。
在莎士比亚之前,人们认为精灵是侏儒型的,身高不超过一米。莎翁在他的戏剧里创造了超级迷你精灵,比如《罗密欧与朱丽叶》里的麦布王后(Queen Mab),“她的身体只有郡吏手指上一颗玛瑙那么大;一群蚂蚁大小的小人替她拖着车子”(she comes /In shape no bigger than an agate-stone /On the fore-finger of an alderman, /Drawn with a team of little atomies ”。通过《仲夏夜之梦》的第二幕第一场里的小精灵与罗宾之间的对话,我们可以猜到这出戏里的精灵们也是超级迷你型的。现将部分台词翻译如下:
小精灵:
“越过丘陵和山谷,
穿过灌木和荆棘丛,
越过庭园和围场,
穿过洪水和烈火:
我到处游荡,
比月球转动还快;
我为仙后服务,
在她的草环上轻洒露珠
母牛唇报春花是她的贴身侍卫,
黄金衣上饰着斑点;
那些是精灵们赠予的红宝石,
里面藏着甜蜜的芬芳;
我要在这里找几滴露水,
给每朵花挂上珍珠耳坠。
再会吧,你这淘气的精灵。我必须走了。
仙后和她的小妖们即将光临”。
(FAIRY
Over hill, over dale,
Thorough bush, thorough brier,
Over park, over pale,
Thorough flood, thorough fire.
I do wander everywhere
Swifter than the moon’s sphere.
And I serve the fairy queen
To dew her orbs upon the green.
The cowslips tall her pensioners be.
In their gold coats spots you see.
Those be rubies, fairy favors.
In those freckles live their savors.
I must go seek some dewdrops here
And hang a pearl in every cowslip’s ear.
Farewell, thou lob of spirits. I’ll be gone.
Our queen and all our elves come here anon.)
罗宾:
“今夜大王在这里开宴会,
千万不要让王后靠近他。
奥伯隆非常恼怒,
因为王后,王后的随从;
偷到了一个印度小王子,
她从未偷过这么可爱的一个孩子;
嫉妒的奥伯隆想要这个孩子,
做他的侍童随他在林子里游荡;
可是她哪里肯放手,
给他满头戴花,无比宠溺。
从此他俩拒绝相会于林中和绿草地上,
也不在清澈的泉畔和灿烂星空下碰面,
但他们一直在吵架;小妖们吓得胆战心慌,
爬进橡壳里躲起来。”
(ROBIN
(The king doth keep his revels here tonight.
Take heed the queen come not within his sight.
For Oberon is passing fell and wrath
Because that she, as her attendant hath
A lovely boy stolen from an Indian king.
She never had so sweet a changeling.
And jealous Oberon would have the child
Knight of his train, to trace the forests wild.
But she perforce withholds the lovèd boy,
Crowns him with flowers, and makes him all her joy.
And now they never meet in grove or green,
By fountain clear or spangled starlight sheen.
But they do square, that all their elves for fear
Creep into acorn cups and hide them there.)
精灵王后可以钻进母牛唇迎春花里小憩,小妖们可以在橡壳里藏身,可见身材之迷你。
另外,第二幕第二场,精灵王后提泰妮娅对她手下的小精灵们说:
“来吧,围成一个圈跳舞,唱一首精灵之歌,然后在一分钟内余下来的三分之一的时间里,去做你们的工作。有的人去杀死麝香玫瑰花苞中的蠕虫,有的人去和蝙蝠作战,获取它们皮革般的翅膀给我的小妖们做衣裳,有的人去驱逐那只在夜里对着我们这些神奇的精灵们咕咕叫唤的猫头鹰。现在给我唱催眠曲吧。然后去做你们的事,让我休息一会儿”。
(TITANIA
Come now, a roundel and a fairy song.
Then for the third part of a minute, hence—
Some to kill cankers in the musk-rose buds,
Some war with reremice for their leathern wings
To make my small elves coats, and some keep back
The clamorous owl that nightly hoots and wonders
At our quaint spirits. Sing me now asleep.
Then to your offices and let me rest.)
小妖们的衣服是用蝙蝠翅膀做的,足见身材之娇小。
第四幕第一场,提泰妮娅对她醒来后第一眼看到并疯狂爱上了的波顿(Bottom)说:“我有一个善于冒险的小精灵,可以到松鼠的秘仓里为你取些新鲜的坚果来。”
(TITANIA
I have a venturous fairy that shall seek
The squirrel’s hoard and fetch thee new nuts.)
接着波顿吩咐提泰妮娅的侍从蛛网(Cobweb):“蛛网先生,好先生,拿出你的武器,替咱把大蓟叶尖上的红屁股的熊蜂杀了;然后,好先生,替咱把蜜囊儿拿来。别累着了,先生。而且,好先生,当心别把蜜囊儿给弄破了,咱可不乐意看到你在蜜囊里头淹死了。”
(BOTTOM
Monsieur Cobweb, good monsieur, get you your weapons in your hand and kill me a red-hipped humble-bee on the top of a thistle. And, good monsieur, bring me the honey bag. Do not fret yourself too much in the action, monsieur. And good monsieur, have a care the honey bag break not. I would be loath to have you overflown with a honey bag, signor.)
从这些台词中,我们知道最冒险的小精灵只能去松鼠的密仓里取坚果,蛛网先生一不小心可能会被熊蜂的蜜囊淹死 – 这些都说明精灵们的体型太微小了。