Image Gallery: Jellyfish Rule!# Animals - 动物园
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http://www.livescience.com/13921-jellyfish-swarms-amazing-image
1.
Jellyfish Swarms
Credit: K.Katija/J.Dabiri.
Jellyfish are simple, successful and, occasionally, deadly creatures. The
Australian box jellyfish has enough toxin in each of its tentacles to kill
60 people. Some jellyfish create spectacular blooms when fields of polyps,
their stationary life stage, simultaneously bud off into free-floating
medusae. These blooms are blamed for the deaths of swimmers, clogged fishing
nets and power plant intakes, and in certain parts of the world, like Japan
, they appear to be on the rise.
But these problems are associated with only a subset of the creatures we
call "jellyfish" – a catch all term for an amazingly diverse group of
organisms. It includes corals, true jellies and others with stinging cells,
as well as the stingless comb jellies, which swim using tiny hairs, called
cilia.
2.
Red Giant
Credit: NOAA/Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
This giant red-hued jellyfish called Tiburonia granrojo was described by
American and Japanese researchers in 2003. It grows up to 3.3 feet (1 meter)
in diameter and lives at depths of 2,000 to 4,800 feet (650 to 1,500 meters
) in the ocean. First seen during submarine dives in 1993, the jellyfish is
distinct in that it uses four to seven fleshy arms to capture food, rather
than fine tentacles like other jellyfish.
3.
Haunting Eyes
Credit: Anders Garm
Tropical-dwelling box jellyfish have a cube-shaped body, and four different
types of special-purpose eyes: The most primitive set detects only light
levels, but another is more sophisticated and can detect the color and size
of objects. The Australian box jellyfish is also deadly; each of its up to
60 tentacles carries enough toxin to kill 60 people.
4.
Ocean Mixers
Credit: K.Katija/J.Dabiri.
Mastigias jellyfish flood Jellyfish Lake, a marine lake in Palau, an island
nation in the Pacific Ocean. Here, researchers found that pulsating
jellyfish stir up the oceans with as much vigor as tides and winds, making
them major players in ocean mixing.
5.
Monster Jellyfish
Credit: Dan Martin/Dauphin Island Sea Lab
The Australian spotted jellyfish, Phyllorhiza punctata, have invaded the
Gulf of Mexico. With plenty of food, they grow as big as dinner plates and
weigh up to 25 pounds (11 kilograms), although in their native waters they
tend to be much smaller. They are not dangerous to humans, but pose a threat
to shrimping and fishing industries.
6.
Oldest Known Jellyfish Fossils
Credit: Fossil photo by B. Lieberman. Cunina photo by K. Raskoff, copyright.
Fossil evidence of jellyfish dates back to the Cambrian Period, 500 million
years ago. This fossil jellyfish shows similarity to the modern jellyfish,
Cunina (right). It was one of four different types of jellyfish dated back
to the Cambrian by researchers in 2007. These ancient jellyfish showed the
same complexity as modern jellyfish, meaning they either developed rapidly
500 million years ago, or today’s varieties are much older.
7.
Moon Jellyfish
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
The saucer-like Aurelia aurita, or moon jellyfish is carnivorous and feeds
on small plankton organisms, such as mollusks, crustaceans and even
ctenophores. It can be anywhere from two to 15.7 inches (five to 40
centimeters) in diameter and is found in mostly warm and tropical waters.
8.
Jellies from Above
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
The moon jellyfish is common in many parts of the world, and it appears to
have increased dramatically in Japanese waters in recent decades. Seen from
a bird's eye view, a bloom of moon jellyfish appears as white swaths in a
Japanese bay. In Japanese waters, its blooms have interfered with fishermen
and power plants.
9.
Nomura's Jellyfish
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
Nemopilema nomurai, known as Nomura's jellyfish, can grow up to 6.6 feet (2
meters) in diameter. It is edible, though it hasn't caught on widely. When
Nomura's jellyfish bloomed in 2005, some Japanese coped by selling souvenir
cookies flavored with jellyfish powder, according to the New York Times.
10.
Jellyfish Menaces?
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
Blooms of Nomura's jellyfish have created serious problems in Japanese
waters, including clogging fishing nets and stinging fishermen. Blooms have
been recorded as far back as 1920, but they were rare events. But beginning
in 2002, blooms have occurred nearly every year.
（歇一会，然后接着上）
1.
Jellyfish Swarms
Credit: K.Katija/J.Dabiri.
Jellyfish are simple, successful and, occasionally, deadly creatures. The
Australian box jellyfish has enough toxin in each of its tentacles to kill
60 people. Some jellyfish create spectacular blooms when fields of polyps,
their stationary life stage, simultaneously bud off into free-floating
medusae. These blooms are blamed for the deaths of swimmers, clogged fishing
nets and power plant intakes, and in certain parts of the world, like Japan
, they appear to be on the rise.
But these problems are associated with only a subset of the creatures we
call "jellyfish" – a catch all term for an amazingly diverse group of
organisms. It includes corals, true jellies and others with stinging cells,
as well as the stingless comb jellies, which swim using tiny hairs, called
cilia.
2.
Red Giant
Credit: NOAA/Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
This giant red-hued jellyfish called Tiburonia granrojo was described by
American and Japanese researchers in 2003. It grows up to 3.3 feet (1 meter)
in diameter and lives at depths of 2,000 to 4,800 feet (650 to 1,500 meters
) in the ocean. First seen during submarine dives in 1993, the jellyfish is
distinct in that it uses four to seven fleshy arms to capture food, rather
than fine tentacles like other jellyfish.
3.
Haunting Eyes
Credit: Anders Garm
Tropical-dwelling box jellyfish have a cube-shaped body, and four different
types of special-purpose eyes: The most primitive set detects only light
levels, but another is more sophisticated and can detect the color and size
of objects. The Australian box jellyfish is also deadly; each of its up to
60 tentacles carries enough toxin to kill 60 people.
4.
Ocean Mixers
Credit: K.Katija/J.Dabiri.
Mastigias jellyfish flood Jellyfish Lake, a marine lake in Palau, an island
nation in the Pacific Ocean. Here, researchers found that pulsating
jellyfish stir up the oceans with as much vigor as tides and winds, making
them major players in ocean mixing.
5.
Monster Jellyfish
Credit: Dan Martin/Dauphin Island Sea Lab
The Australian spotted jellyfish, Phyllorhiza punctata, have invaded the
Gulf of Mexico. With plenty of food, they grow as big as dinner plates and
weigh up to 25 pounds (11 kilograms), although in their native waters they
tend to be much smaller. They are not dangerous to humans, but pose a threat
to shrimping and fishing industries.
6.
Oldest Known Jellyfish Fossils
Credit: Fossil photo by B. Lieberman. Cunina photo by K. Raskoff, copyright.
Fossil evidence of jellyfish dates back to the Cambrian Period, 500 million
years ago. This fossil jellyfish shows similarity to the modern jellyfish,
Cunina (right). It was one of four different types of jellyfish dated back
to the Cambrian by researchers in 2007. These ancient jellyfish showed the
same complexity as modern jellyfish, meaning they either developed rapidly
500 million years ago, or today’s varieties are much older.
7.
Moon Jellyfish
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
The saucer-like Aurelia aurita, or moon jellyfish is carnivorous and feeds
on small plankton organisms, such as mollusks, crustaceans and even
ctenophores. It can be anywhere from two to 15.7 inches (five to 40
centimeters) in diameter and is found in mostly warm and tropical waters.
8.
Jellies from Above
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
The moon jellyfish is common in many parts of the world, and it appears to
have increased dramatically in Japanese waters in recent decades. Seen from
a bird's eye view, a bloom of moon jellyfish appears as white swaths in a
Japanese bay. In Japanese waters, its blooms have interfered with fishermen
and power plants.
9.
Nomura's Jellyfish
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
Nemopilema nomurai, known as Nomura's jellyfish, can grow up to 6.6 feet (2
meters) in diameter. It is edible, though it hasn't caught on widely. When
Nomura's jellyfish bloomed in 2005, some Japanese coped by selling souvenir
cookies flavored with jellyfish powder, according to the New York Times.
10.
Jellyfish Menaces?
Credit: Shin-ichi Uye
Blooms of Nomura's jellyfish have created serious problems in Japanese
waters, including clogging fishing nets and stinging fishermen. Blooms have
been recorded as far back as 1920, but they were rare events. But beginning
in 2002, blooms have occurred nearly every year.
（歇一会，然后接着上）
