硬件升级，求救# Hardware - 计算机硬件
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was domesticated at Yangtze Valley ~8,000 years ago and propagated to India,
as opposed to independent domestication at India. But what intrigues me is
what is subspicies of indica and japonica, whether and where they grow in
China and US.
(1) 研究显示:中国是驯化水稻的原产地. VOA Chinese, May 3, 2011.
http://www.voanews.com/chinese/news/international/20110503-RICE
Note:
(a) wild rice: Oryza rufipogon
(b) The rice we cultivate and eat is Oryza sativa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
(has the smallest cereal genome consisting of just 430Mb across 12
chromosomes; Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short
grained japonica or sinica variety, and the non-sticky, long-grained indica
variety. Japonica are usually cultivated in dry fields, in temperate East
Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia and high elevations in South Asia,
while indica are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout
tropical Asia)
* We can appreciate the different sizes of indica and japonica in photo 2 of
The Basics. Rice Diversity, undated.
http://www.ricediversity.org/thebasics/
* China, as well as US, grows indica AND japonica.
James Hansen, Frank Fuller, Frederick Gale, Frederick Crook, Eric Wailes and
Michelle Moore, China's Japonica Rice Market: Growth and Competitiveness.
ERS, USDA, Mar 20, 2003.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rice/SpecialArticle/RCS2002Chi
Quote from page 32/web page 2:
"In China, japonica rice was traditionally grown and consumed primarily in
the northern provinces, while
indica rice was dominant in the south. In 2000, indica rice accounted for
about 60 percent of China’s total rice production of 188 million tons (
rough rice) and japonica rice about 29 percent, the remaining 11 percent is
glutinous rice and some indigenous rice varieties (Crook et al.). Each year,
China produces an early, a single, and a late indica crop; a single and
late japonica crop in the Yangzi River valley; and a single japonica crop in
the north. China is the largest riceproducing country in the world,
accounting for a third or more of global production.
"Japonica rice area in China has expanded for the past two decades, growing
from 11 percent of total rice area in 1980 to 29 percent by 2000 (Crook et
al.). The largest expansion of japonica rice plantings has occurred in the
three northeastern provinces, with growth averaging more than 5 percent a
year during the 1990s, an increase totaling more than a million hectares.
Most of the growth occurred in Heilongjiang province, where japonica rice
was the most profitable crop during the 1990s. In the lower Yangzi River
valley provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, producers have substituted
indica with japonica rice.
(2) The above is a summary of my posting today in Chinanews board. If you
are interested, you can read the entire posting:
http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t0/ChinaNews/32357493.html
as opposed to independent domestication at India. But what intrigues me is
what is subspicies of indica and japonica, whether and where they grow in
China and US.
(1) 研究显示:中国是驯化水稻的原产地. VOA Chinese, May 3, 2011.
http://www.voanews.com/chinese/news/international/20110503-RICE
Note:
(a) wild rice: Oryza rufipogon
(b) The rice we cultivate and eat is Oryza sativa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
(has the smallest cereal genome consisting of just 430Mb across 12
chromosomes; Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short
grained japonica or sinica variety, and the non-sticky, long-grained indica
variety. Japonica are usually cultivated in dry fields, in temperate East
Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia and high elevations in South Asia,
while indica are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout
tropical Asia)
* We can appreciate the different sizes of indica and japonica in photo 2 of
The Basics. Rice Diversity, undated.
http://www.ricediversity.org/thebasics/
* China, as well as US, grows indica AND japonica.
James Hansen, Frank Fuller, Frederick Gale, Frederick Crook, Eric Wailes and
Michelle Moore, China's Japonica Rice Market: Growth and Competitiveness.
ERS, USDA, Mar 20, 2003.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rice/SpecialArticle/RCS2002Chi
Quote from page 32/web page 2:
"In China, japonica rice was traditionally grown and consumed primarily in
the northern provinces, while
indica rice was dominant in the south. In 2000, indica rice accounted for
about 60 percent of China’s total rice production of 188 million tons (
rough rice) and japonica rice about 29 percent, the remaining 11 percent is
glutinous rice and some indigenous rice varieties (Crook et al.). Each year,
China produces an early, a single, and a late indica crop; a single and
late japonica crop in the Yangzi River valley; and a single japonica crop in
the north. China is the largest riceproducing country in the world,
accounting for a third or more of global production.
"Japonica rice area in China has expanded for the past two decades, growing
from 11 percent of total rice area in 1980 to 29 percent by 2000 (Crook et
al.). The largest expansion of japonica rice plantings has occurred in the
three northeastern provinces, with growth averaging more than 5 percent a
year during the 1990s, an increase totaling more than a million hectares.
Most of the growth occurred in Heilongjiang province, where japonica rice
was the most profitable crop during the 1990s. In the lower Yangzi River
valley provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, producers have substituted
indica with japonica rice.
(2) The above is a summary of my posting today in Chinanews board. If you
are interested, you can read the entire posting:
http://www.mitbbs.com/article_t0/ChinaNews/32357493.html
