In cancer science, many "discoveries" don't hold up
(Reuters) - A former researcher at Amgen Inc has found that many basic
studies on cancer -- a high proportion of them from university labs -- are
unreliable, with grim consequences for producing new medicines in the future.
During a decade as head of global cancer research at Amgen, C. Glenn Begley
identified 53 "landmark" publications -- papers in top journals, from
reputable labs -- for his team to reproduce. Begley sought to double-check
the findings before trying to build on them for drug development.
Result: 47 of the 53 could not be replicated. He described his findings in a
commentary piece published on Wednesday in the journal Nature.
"It was shocking," said Begley, now senior vice president of privately held
biotechnology company TetraLogic, which develops cancer drugs. "These are
the studies the pharmaceutical industry relies on to identify new targets
for drug development. But if you're going to place a $1 million or $2
million or $5 million bet on an observation, you need to be sure it's true.
As we tried to reproduce these papers we became convinced you can't take
anything at face value."
The failure to win "the war on cancer" has been blamed on many factors, from
the use of mouse models that are irrelevant to human cancers to risk-averse
funding agencies. But recently a new culprit has emerged: too many basic
scientific discoveries, done in animals or cells growing in lab dishes and
meant to show the way to a new drug, are wrong.
Begley's experience echoes a report from scientists at Bayer AG last year.
Neither group of researchers alleges fraud, nor would they identify the
research they had tried to replicate.
But they and others fear the phenomenon is the product of a skewed system of
incentives that has academics cutting corners to further their careers.
George Robertson of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia previously worked at
Merck on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. While at Merck, he
also found many academic studies that did not hold up.
"It drives people in industry crazy. Why are we seeing a collapse of the
pharma and biotech industries? One possibility is that academia is not
providing accurate findings," he said.
BELIEVE IT OR NOT
Over the last two decades, the most promising route to new cancer drugs has
been one pioneered by the discoverers of Gleevec, the Novartis drug that
targets a form of leukemia, and Herceptin, Genentech's breast-cancer drug.
In each case, scientists discovered a genetic change that turned a normal
cell into a malignant one. Those findings allowed them to develop a molecule
that blocks the cancer-producing process.
This approach led to an explosion of claims of other potential "druggable"
targets. Amgen tried to replicate the new papers before launching its own
drug-discovery projects.
Scientists at Bayer did not have much more success. In a 2011 paper titled,
"Believe it or not," they analyzed in-house projects that built on "exciting
published data" from basic science studies. "Often, key data could not be
reproduced," wrote Khusru Asadullah, vice president and head of target
discovery at Bayer HealthCare in Berlin, and colleagues.
Of 47 cancer projects at Bayer during 2011, less than one-quarter could
reproduce previously reported findings, despite the efforts of three or four
scientists working full time for up to a year. Bayer dropped the projects.
Bayer and Amgen found that the prestige of a journal was no guarantee a
paper would be solid. "The scientific community assumes that the claims in a
preclinical study can be taken at face value," Begley and Lee Ellis of MD
Anderson Cancer Center wrote in Nature. It assumes, too, that "the main
message of the paper can be relied on ... Unfortunately, this is not always
the case."
When the Amgen replication team of about 100 scientists could not confirm
reported results, they contacted the authors. Those who cooperated discussed
what might account for the inability of Amgen to confirm the results. Some
let Amgen borrow antibodies and other materials used in the original study
or even repeat experiments under the original authors' direction.
Some authors required the Amgen scientists sign a confidentiality agreement
barring them from disclosing data at odds with the original findings. "The
world will never know" which 47 studies -- many of them highly cited -- are
apparently wrong, Begley said.
The most common response by the challenged scientists was: "you didn't do it
right." Indeed, cancer biology is fiendishly complex, noted Phil Sharp, a
cancer biologist and Nobel laureate at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
Even in the most rigorous studies, the results might be reproducible only in
very specific conditions, Sharp explained: "A cancer cell might respond one
way in one set of conditions and another way in different conditions. I
think a lot of the variability can come from that."
THE BEST STORY
Other scientists worry that something less innocuous explains the lack of
reproducibility.
Part way through his project to reproduce promising studies, Begley met for
breakfast at a cancer conference with the lead scientist of one of the
problematic studies.
"We went through the paper line by line, figure by figure," said Begley. "I
explained that we re-did their experiment 50 times and never got their
result. He said they'd done it six times and got this result once, but put
it in the paper because it made the best story. It's very disillusioning."
Such selective publication is just one reason the scientific literature is
peppered with incorrect results.
For one thing, basic science studies are rarely "blinded" the way clinical
trials are. That is, researchers know which cell line or mouse got a
treatment or had cancer. That can be a problem when data are subject to
interpretation, as a researcher who is intellectually invested in a theory
is more likely to interpret ambiguous evidence in its favor.
The problem goes beyond cancer.
On Tuesday, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences heard testimony
that the number of scientific papers that had to be retracted increased more
than tenfold over the last decade; the number of journal articles published
rose only 44 percent.
Ferric Fang of the University of Washington, speaking to the panel, said he
blamed a hypercompetitive academic environment that fosters poor science and
even fraud, as too many researchers compete for diminishing funding.
"The surest ticket to getting a grant or job is getting published in a high-
profile journal," said Fang. "This is an unhealthy belief that can lead a
scientist to engage in sensationalism and sometimes even dishonest behavior."
The academic reward system discourages efforts to ensure a finding was not a
fluke. Nor is there an incentive to verify someone else's discovery. As
recently as the late 1990s, most potential cancer-drug targets were backed
by 100 to 200 publications. Now each may have fewer than half a dozen.
"If you can write it up and get it published you're not even thinking of
reproducibility," said Ken Kaitin, director of the Tufts Center for the
Study of Drug Development. "You make an observation and move on. There is no
incentive to find out it was wrong."
