wh来看，有关思维定势？-from NPR# LeisureTime - 读书听歌看电影
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前不久在哪个帖子里讨论思维定势来着？是韩寒坑么？
今天在NPR看到的，有点意思，转来看看.
3 Ways The Brain Betrays Us
May 12, 2011
by JACOB GOLDSTEIN
Over at Edge, they're asking a bunch of big thinkers a big question: "What
scientific concept would improve everybody's cognitive toolkit?"
They've collected more than 150 responses, and it's fun and interesting to
read (or at least skim) through all of them.
Lots of the responses point out systematic cognitive errors that are deeply
embedded in all of us. In other words, our brains are wired to prevent us
from seeing the world as it is.
Here are three examples that stood out to me.
1. Memory is rigged
...human beings tend almost invariably to be better at remembering evidence
that is consistent with their beliefs than evidence that might disconfirm
them. When two people disagree, it is often because their prior beliefs lead
them to remember (or focus on) different bits of evidence. To consider
something well, of course, is to evaluate both sides of an argument, but
unless we also go the extra mile of deliberately forcing ourselves to
consider alternatives—not something that comes naturally—we are more prone
to recalling evidence consistent with a proposition than inconsistent with
it.
From "Cognitive Humility," by Gary Marcus
2. We see patterns where there is only randomness
...when our pattern-detection systems misfire they tend to err in the
direction of perceiving patterns where none actually exist.
The German neurologist Klaus Conrad coined the term "Apophenia" to describe
this tendency in patients suffering from certain forms of mental illness.
But it is increasingly clear from a variety of findings in the behavioral
sciences that this tendency is not limited to ill or uneducated minds;
healthy, intelligent people make similar errors on a regular basis: a
superstitious athlete sees a connection between victory and a pair of socks,
a parent refuses to vaccinate her child because of a perceived causal
connection between inoculation and disease, a scientist sees hypothesis-
confirming results in random noise, and thousands of people believe the
random "shuffle" function on their music software is broken because they
mistake spurious coincidence for meaningful connection.
In short, the pattern-detection that is responsible for so much of our
species' success can just as easily betray us.
From "Everyday Apophenia," by David Pizarro
3. We overestimate the importance of whatever we think about
Nothing In Life Is As Important As You Think It Is, While You Are Thinking
About It. ...
On average, individuals with high income are in a better mood than people
with lower income, but the difference is about 1/3 as large as most people
expect. When you think of rich and poor people, your thoughts are inevitably
focused on circumstances in which their income is important. But happiness
depends on other factors more than it depends on income.
今天在NPR看到的，有点意思，转来看看.
3 Ways The Brain Betrays Us
May 12, 2011
by JACOB GOLDSTEIN
Over at Edge, they're asking a bunch of big thinkers a big question: "What
scientific concept would improve everybody's cognitive toolkit?"
They've collected more than 150 responses, and it's fun and interesting to
read (or at least skim) through all of them.
Lots of the responses point out systematic cognitive errors that are deeply
embedded in all of us. In other words, our brains are wired to prevent us
from seeing the world as it is.
Here are three examples that stood out to me.
1. Memory is rigged
...human beings tend almost invariably to be better at remembering evidence
that is consistent with their beliefs than evidence that might disconfirm
them. When two people disagree, it is often because their prior beliefs lead
them to remember (or focus on) different bits of evidence. To consider
something well, of course, is to evaluate both sides of an argument, but
unless we also go the extra mile of deliberately forcing ourselves to
consider alternatives—not something that comes naturally—we are more prone
to recalling evidence consistent with a proposition than inconsistent with
it.
From "Cognitive Humility," by Gary Marcus
2. We see patterns where there is only randomness
...when our pattern-detection systems misfire they tend to err in the
direction of perceiving patterns where none actually exist.
The German neurologist Klaus Conrad coined the term "Apophenia" to describe
this tendency in patients suffering from certain forms of mental illness.
But it is increasingly clear from a variety of findings in the behavioral
sciences that this tendency is not limited to ill or uneducated minds;
healthy, intelligent people make similar errors on a regular basis: a
superstitious athlete sees a connection between victory and a pair of socks,
a parent refuses to vaccinate her child because of a perceived causal
connection between inoculation and disease, a scientist sees hypothesis-
confirming results in random noise, and thousands of people believe the
random "shuffle" function on their music software is broken because they
mistake spurious coincidence for meaningful connection.
In short, the pattern-detection that is responsible for so much of our
species' success can just as easily betray us.
From "Everyday Apophenia," by David Pizarro
3. We overestimate the importance of whatever we think about
Nothing In Life Is As Important As You Think It Is, While You Are Thinking
About It. ...
On average, individuals with high income are in a better mood than people
with lower income, but the difference is about 1/3 as large as most people
expect. When you think of rich and poor people, your thoughts are inevitably
focused on circumstances in which their income is important. But happiness
depends on other factors more than it depends on income.
