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Chappaquiddick incident
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chappaquiddick incident
Location Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Date July 18, 1969
Result Kennedy pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of the accident;
refused to run for president in 1972 and 1976
The term "Chappaquiddick incident" refers to the circumstances
surrounding the death of Mary Jo Kopechne, whose body was discovered
underwater inside an automobile belonging to Senator Edward M. Kennedy.
Kopechne's body and the car were found in a tidal channel on
Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts, on the morning of July 19, 1969.
After the discovery, Kennedy gave a statement to police saying that on
the previous night Kopechne was his passenger when he took a wrong turn
and accidentally drove his car off a bridge into the water. After
pleading guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident after
causing injury, he received a suspended sentence. The incident became a
national scandal, and may have influenced Kennedy's decision not to run
for president in 1972 and 1976.
Contents [hide]
1 The party
2 After the party
3 The body and Kennedy's statement
4 Legal proceedings
4.1 Kennedy's televised statement
4.2 Discovery of Kopechne's body
4.3 Autopsy
4.4 Inquest
4.5 Grand jury
4.6 Fatal accident hearing
5 Miscarriage
6 Alternative theory
7 Legacy
8 References
9 Bibliography
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
[edit]The party
On July 18, 1969, Ted Kennedy attended a party on Chappaquiddick, a
small island connected via ferry to the town of Edgartown on the
adjoining larger island of Martha's Vineyard. The party was a reunion
for a group of six women, including Kopechne, known as the "boiler-room
girls",[1] who had served in his brother Robert's 1968 presidential
campaign. Also present were Joseph Gargan, Ted Kennedy's cousin; Paul
Markham, a school friend of Gargan's who would become United States
Attorney for Massachusetts under the patronage of the Kennedys;[2]
Charles Tretter, an attorney; Raymond La Rosa; and John Crimmins, Ted
Kennedy's part-time driver. Kennedy was also competing in the Edgartown
Yacht Club Regatta, a sailing competition which was taking place over
several days.
According to his own testimony at the inquest into Kopechne's death,
Kennedy left the party at "approximately 11:15 p.m."[3] He said that
when he announced that he was about to leave, Kopechne told him "that
she was desirous of leaving, if I would be kind enough to drop her back
at her hotel." Kennedy then requested the keys to his mother's car from
his chauffeur, Crimmins. Asked why he did not have his chauffeur drive
them both, Kennedy explained that Crimmins along with some other guests
"were concluding their meal, enjoying the fellowship and it didn't
appear to me necessary to require him to bring me back to Edgartown".[4]
Kopechne told no one that she was leaving with Kennedy, and left her
purse and hotel key at the party.[5]
[edit]After the party
Christopher "Huck" Look was a deputy sheriff working as a special police
officer at the Edgartown regatta dance that night. At 12:30 a.m. he left
the dance, crossed over to Chappaquiddick in the yacht club's launch,
got into his parked car and drove toward his home, which was south of
the Dike Bridge. He testified that between 12:30 and 12:45 a.m. he had
seen a dark car containing a man driving and a woman in the front seat
approaching the intersection with Dike Road. The car had gone first onto
the private Cemetery Road and stopped there. Thinking that the occupants
of the car might be lost, Look had gotten out of his car and walked
toward it. When he was 25 to 30 feet away, the car started backing up
towards him. When Look called out to offer his help, the car took off
eastwards, towards the ocean, down Dike Road in a cloud of dust.[6] Look
recalled that the car's license plate began with an "L" and contained
two "7"'s, both details true of Kennedy's 1967 Oldsmobile Delmont 88.
The Dike Bridge, Martha's Vineyard, pictured here in 2008 with
guardrail.
According to his inquest testimony, Kennedy made a wrong turn onto Dike
Road, an unlit dirt road that led to Dike Bridge (also spelled Dyke
Bridge). Dike Road was unpaved, but Kennedy, driving at "approximately
twenty miles an hour", took "no particular notice" of this fact, and did
not realize that he was no longer headed toward the ferry landing.[7]
Dike Bridge was a wooden bridge angled obliquely to the road, with no
guardrail. A fraction of a second before he reached the bridge, Kennedy
applied his brakes; he then drove over the side of the bridge. The car
plunged into tide-swept Poucha Pond (at that location a channel) and
came to rest upside-down underwater. Kennedy later recalled that he was
able to swim free of the vehicle, but Kopechne was not. Kennedy claimed
at the inquest that he called Kopechne's name several times from the
shore, then tried to swim down to reach her seven or eight times, then
rested on the bank for around fifteen minutes before returning on foot
to Lawrence Cottage, where the party attended by Kopechne and other
"Boiler Room Girls" had occurred. Kennedy denied seeing any house with a
light on during his journey back to Lawrence Cottage.[8]
"Dike House" along Dike Road.
In addition to the working telephone at the Lawrence Cottage, according
to one commentator, his route back to the cottage would have taken him
past four houses from which he could have telephoned and summoned help;
however, he did not do so.[9] The first of those houses, referred to as
"Dike House", was 150 yards away from the bridge, and was occupied by
Sylvia Malm and her family at the time of the incident. Malm later
stated that she had left a light on at the residence when she retired
for that evening.[10]
According to Kennedy's testimony, Gargan and party co-host Paul Markham
then returned to the waterway with Kennedy to try to rescue Kopechne.
Both of the other men also tried to dive into the water and rescue
Kopechne multiple times.[1] When their efforts to rescue Kopechne
failed, Kennedy testified, Gargan and Markham drove with Kennedy to the
ferry landing, both insisting multiple times that the accident had to be
reported to the authorities.[11] According to Markham's testimony
Kennedy was sobbing and on the verge of breaking down.[12] Kennedy went
on to testify that "[I] had full intention of reporting it. And I
mentioned to Gargan and Markham something like, 'You take care of the
other girls; I will take care of the accident!'—that is what I said and
I dove into the water".[11] Kennedy had already told Gargan and Markham
not to tell the other women anything about the incident "[b]ecause I
felt strongly that if these girls were notified that an accident had
taken place and Mary Jo had, in fact, drowned, that it would only be a
matter of seconds before all of those girls, who were long and dear
friends of Mary Jo's, would go to the scene of the accident and enter
the water with, I felt, a good chance that some serious mishap might
have occurred to any one of them".[13] Gargan and Markam would testify
that they assumed that Kennedy was going to inform the authorities once
he got back to Edgartown, and thus did not do so themselves.[2]
According to his own testimony, Kennedy swam across the 500-foot
channel, back to Edgartown and returned to his hotel room, where he
removed his clothes and collapsed on his bed.[13] Hearing noises, he
later put on dry clothes and asked someone what the time was: it was
something like 2:30 a.m., the senator recalled. He testified that, as
the night went on, "I almost tossed and turned and walked around that
room ... I had not given up hope all night long that, by some miracle,
Mary Jo would have escaped from the car."[14]
Back at his hotel, Kennedy complained at 2:55 a.m. to the hotel owner
that he had been awoken by a noisy party.[2] By 7:30 a.m. the next
morning he was talking "casually" to the winner of the previous day's
sailing race, with no indication that anything was amiss.[2] At 8 a.m.,
Gargan and Markham joined Kennedy at his hotel where they had a "heated
conversation." According to Kennedy's testimony, the two men asked why
he had not reported the accident. Kennedy responded by telling them
"about my own thoughts and feelings as I swam across that channel ...
that somehow when they arrived in the morning that they were going to
say that Mary Jo was still alive".[14] The three men subsequently
crossed back to Chappaquiddick Island on the ferry, where Kennedy made a
series of phone calls from a payphone by the crossing. The phone calls
were to his friends for advice and again, he did not report the accident
to authorities.[2]
[edit]The body and Kennedy's statement
Earlier that morning, two amateur fishermen had seen the submerged car
in the water and notified the inhabitants of the cottage nearest to the
scene, who called the authorities at around 8:20 a.m.[15]
Edgartown Police Chief Jim Arena travelled quickly to the scene, and
discovered that a body was inside the car; he dove into the water, but
was unsuccessful in freeing the body. Arena then summoned a professional
diver, along with towing / winch capability.[16] The diver, John Farrar,
arrived quickly, and discovered Kopechne's body at around 8:45 a.m. The
car was quickly towed from the water.[17] Farrar later testified at the
inquest that Kopechne's body was pressed up in the car in the spot where
an air bubble would have formed. He interpreted this to mean that
Kopechne had survived in the air bubble after the accident, and
concluded that
Had I received a call within five to ten minutes of the accident
occurring, and was able, as I was the following morning, to be at the
victim's side within twenty-five minutes of receiving the call, in such
event there is a strong possibility that she would have been alive on
removal from the submerged car.[9]
Farrar believed that Kopechne "lived for at least two hours down
there."[18]
Police checked the car's license plate and saw that it was registered to
Kennedy.[1] When Kennedy, still at the pay phone by the ferry crossing,
heard that the body had been discovered, he crossed back to Edgartown
and went to the police station; Gargan simultaneously went to the hotel
where the Boiler Room Girls were staying to inform them about the
incident.[2]
At 10 am Kennedy entered the police station in Edgartown, made a couple
of phone calls, then dictated a statement to his aide Paul Markham,
which was then given to the police. The statement ran as follows:
On July 18, 1969, at approximately 11:15 p.m. in Chappaquiddick,
Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, I was driving my car on Main Street on
my way to get the ferry back to Edgartown. I was unfamiliar with the
road and turned right onto Dike Road, instead of bearing hard left on
Main Street. After proceeding for approximately one-half mile on Dike
Road I descended a hill and came upon a narrow bridge. The car went off
the side of the bridge. There was one passenger with me, one Miss Mary
[Kopechne],[19] a former secretary of my brother Sen. Robert Kennedy.
The car turned over and sank into the water and landed with the roof
resting on the bottom. I attempted to open the door and the window of
the car but have no recollection of how I got out of the car. I came to
the surface and then repeatedly dove down to the car in an attempt to
see if the passenger was still in the car. I was unsuccessful in the
attempt. I was exhausted and in a state of shock. I recall walking back
to where my friends were eating. There was a car parked in front of the
cottage and I climbed into the backseat. I then asked for someone to
bring me back to Edgartown. I remember walking around for a period and
then going back to my hotel room. When I fully realized what had
happened this morning, I immediately contacted the police.[20]
[edit]Legal proceedings
On July 25, seven days after the incident, Kennedy entered a plea of
guilty to a charge of leaving the scene of an accident after causing
injury. Kennedy's attorneys suggested that any jail sentence should be
suspended, and the prosecutors agreed to this, citing Kennedy's age,
character and prior reputation.[21] Judge James Boyle sentenced Kennedy
to two months' incarceration, the statutory minimum for the offense,
which he suspended. In announcing the sentence, Boyle referred to
Kennedy's "unblemished record" and said that he "has already been, and
will continue to be punished far beyond anything this court can
impose".[22]
[edit]Kennedy's televised statement
At 7:30 p.m. that evening Kennedy made a lengthy prepared statement
about the incident which was broadcast live by the television networks.
Among other things, he said that:[23]
"only reasons of health" had prevented his wife from accompanying him to
the regatta.
there was "no truth whatever to the widely circulated suspicions of
immoral conduct" regarding Kennedy's and Kopechne's behavior that
evening.
he "was not driving under the influence of liquor".
his conduct for the hours immediately following the accident "made no
sense to [him] at all".
his doctors had informed him that he had suffered cerebral concussion
and shock, but he did not seek to use his medical condition to escape
responsibility for his actions.
he "regard[ed] as indefensible that fact that [he] did not report the
accident to the police immediately."
instead of notifying the authorities immediately, Kennedy "requested the
help of two friends, Joe Gargan and Paul Markham, and directed them to
return immediately to the scene with [him] (it then being sometime after
midnight) in order to undertake a new effort to dive down and locate
Miss Kopechne".
"[a]ll kinds of scrambled thoughts" went through his mind after the
accident, including "whether the girl might still be alive somewhere out
of that immediate area," "whether some awful curse actually did hang
over all the Kennedys", "whether there was some justifiable reason for
[him] to doubt what had happened and to delay [his] report", and
"whether somehow the awful weight of this incredible incident might in
some way pass from [his] shoulders".
he was overcome "by a jumble of emotions—grief, fear, doubt, exhaustion,
panic, confusion and shock".
having instructed Gargan and Markham "not to alarm Mary Jo's friends
that night", Kennedy returned to the ferry with the two men, and then
"suddenly jumped into the water and impulsively swam across, nearly
drowning once again in the effort, returning to [his] hotel around 2
a.m. and collapsed in [his] room".
Kennedy went on to ask the people of Massachusetts to decide whether he
should resign:
If at any time, the citizens of Massachusetts should lack confidence in
their Senator’s character or his ability, with or without justification,
he could not in my opinion adequately perform his duties, and should not
continue in office. The opportunity to work with you and serve
Massachusetts has made my life worthwhile. So I ask you tonight, the
people of Massachusetts, to think this through with me. In facing this
decision, I seek your advice and opinion. In making it I seek your
prayers. For this is a decision that I will have finally to make on my
own.[24]
He concluded by quoting a passage from his brother John's book Profiles
in Courage.[25]
[edit]Discovery of Kopechne's body
John Farrar, the diver who recovered Kopechne's body and captain of the
Edgartown Fire Rescue unit, asserted that Kopechne did not die from the
vehicle overturn or from drowning, but rather from suffocation, based
upon the posture in which he found the body and its position relative to
the area of an ultimate air pocket in the overturned vehicle. Farrar
also asserted that Kopechne would likely have survived had a more timely
attempt at rescue been conducted.[26] Farrar located Kopechne's body in
the well of the backseat of the overturned submerged car. Rigor mortis
had set in and her hands were clasping the backseat and her face was
turned upward.[27] Farrar testified at the Inquest:
It looked as if she were holding herself up to get a last breath of air.
It was a consciously assumed position. ... She didn't drown. She died of
suffocation in her own air void. It took her at least three or four
hours to die. I could have had her out of that car twenty-five minutes
after I got the call. But he [Ted Kennedy] didn't call.
— diver John Farrar, Inquest into the Death of Mary Jo Kopechne,
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Edgartown District Court. New York: EVR
Productions, 1970.
[edit]Autopsy
The medical examiner, Dr. Donald Mills, was satisfied that the cause of
death was accidental drowning. He signed a death certificate to that
effect and released Kopechne's body to her family without ordering an
autopsy.[28] Later, on September 18, District Attorney Edmund Dinis
attempted to secure an exhumation of Kopechne's body in order to perform
a belated autopsy,[29] citing blood found on Kopechne's skirt and in her
mouth and nose "which may or may not be consistent with death by
drowning".[30] The reported discovery of the blood was made when her
clothes were turned over to authorities by the funeral director.[31]
A Pennsylvania court under Judge Bernard Brominski held a hearing on the
request on October 20–21.[29] The request was opposed by Kopechne's
parents.[29] Eventually Judge Brominski ruled against the exhumation on
December 10, saying that there was "no evidence" that "anything other
than drowning had caused the death of Mary Jo Kopechne".[32]
[edit]Inquest
The inquest into Kopechne's death took place in Edgartown in January
1970. At the request of Kennedy's lawyers, the Massachusetts Supreme
Judicial Court ordered that it be conducted in secret.[33][34] The 763-
page transcript of the inquest was released four months later.[34] Judge
James A. Boyle presided at the inquest. Among Judge Boyle's conclusions
in his inquest report were the following:[35]
the accident occurred "between 11:30 p.m. on July 18 and 1:00 a.m. on
July 19".
"Kopechne and Kennedy did not intend to drive to the ferry slip and his
turn onto Dike Road had been intentional".
"A speed of twenty miles per hour as Kennedy testified to operating the
car as large as his Oldsmobile would be at least negligent and possibly
reckless."
"For some reason not apparent from [Kennedy]'s testimony, he failed to
exercise due care as he approached the bridge."
"There is probable cause to believe that Edward M. Kennedy operated his
motor vehicle negligently ... and that such operation appears to have
contributed to the death of Mary Jo Kopechne."
Under Massachusetts law Boyle, having found "probable cause" that
Kennedy had committed a crime, could have issued a warrant for his
arrest, but he did not do so.[36] District Attorney Dinis chose not to
pursue Kennedy for manslaughter, despite Judge Boyle's conclusions.
The Kopechne family did not bring any legal action against Senator
Kennedy, but they did receive a payment of $90,904 from the Senator
personally and $50,000 from his insurance company.[37] The Kopechnes
later explained their decision to not take legal action by saying that
"We figured that people would think we were looking for blood
money."[37]
[edit]Grand jury
On April 6, 1970, Dukes County grand jury assembled in special session
to consider Kopechne's death. Judge Wilfred Paquet instructed the
members of the grand jury that they could consider only those matters
brought to their attention by the superior court, the district attorney
or their own personal knowledge.[38] Citing the orders of the
Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, Paquet told the grand jury that it
could not see the evidence or Judge Boyle's report from the inquest
(which at that time were still impounded).[38] District Attorney Dinis,
who had attended the inquest and seen Judge Boyle's report, told the
grand jury that there was not enough evidence to indict Senator Kennedy
on potential charges of manslaughter, perjury or driving to
endanger.[38] The grand jury called four witnesses who had not testified
at the inquest: they testified for a total of 20 minutes, but no
indictments were issued.[38]
[edit]Fatal accident hearing
On July 23, 1969, the Registrar of the Massachusetts Registry of Motor
Vehicles informed Senator Kennedy that his license would be suspended
until a statutory hearing could be held on the accident.[39] This
suspension was required by Massachusetts law in any fatal motor accident
where there were no witnesses. The in camera hearing was held on May 18,
1970. It found that "operation was too fast for existing conditions" in
the accident. On May 27 the Registrar informed Sen. Kennedy in a letter
that "I am unable to find that the fatal accident in which a motor
vehicle operated by you was involved, was without serious fault on your
part", and that as a result, his driver's license was suspended for a
further six months.[40]
[edit]Miscarriage
Sen. Kennedy's wife Joan Bennett Kennedy was pregnant at the time of the
incident. Though confined to bed in the wake of two previous
miscarriages, she attended the funeral of Kopechne and stood beside her
husband in court three days later.[41] She suffered a third miscarriage
shortly thereafter[42] which she blamed on the Chappaquiddick
incident.[43]
[edit]Alternative theory
A BBC 'Inside Story' programme, 'Chappaquiddick', broadcast on the 25th
anniversary of the death of Mary Jo Kopechne advanced a theory that
Kennedy and Kopechne had gone out from the party in Kennedy's car, but
that when Kennedy saw an off-duty policeman in his patrol car, he got
out of the car, fearing the political consequences of being discovered
by the police late at night with an attractive woman. According to the
theory, Kennedy then returned to the party while Kopechne, unfamiliar
both with the large car and the local area, drove the wrong way and
crashed off the bridge. The programme argued this explanation would
account for Kennedy's lack of concern the following morning (because he
was unaware of the crash) and for forensic evidence of the injuries to
Kopechne being inconsistent with her sitting in the passenger seat.[44]
A similar theory was advanced by Australian writer Bob Ellis.[45]
Best-selling investigative writer Jack Olsen had earlier advanced a
similar theory in his book The Bridge at Chappaquiddick, published early
in 1970. Olsen's book was the first full-length examination of the case.
Olsen wrote that Kopechne's shorter height (she was 5'2", a foot shorter
than Kennedy) could have accounted for her possibly not even seeing the
bridge as she drove Kennedy's car over unfamiliar roads, at night, with
no external lighting, after having had several drinks at the party both
had attended. Olsen wrote that Kopechne normally drove a smaller
Volkswagen model car, which was much lighter and easier to handle than
Kennedy's larger Oldsmobile.[46]
[edit]Legacy
National Lampoon's fake VW Beetle ad mocking the incident.
The case resulted in much satire of Kennedy, including a National
Lampoon page showing a floating Volkswagen Beetle with the remark that
Kennedy would have been elected president had he been driving a Beetle
that night; this satire resulted in legal action by Volkswagen, claiming
unauthorized use of its trademark.[47] National Lampoon also printed a
fake quote from Kennedy, as a "response" to a question on whether he
planned to run for President in the next election: "I'll drive off that
bridge when I come to it."
After Kennedy's televised speech on July 25, 1969, regarding the
incident, telephone calls and telegrams to newspapers and to the Kennedy
family were heavily in favor of his remaining in office, and he won
reelection the next year with 62% of the vote. Nonetheless, the incident
severely damaged his national reputation. Before Chappaquiddick, public
polls showed that a large majority expected Kennedy to run for the
presidency in 1972. After the incident, he pledged not to run in 1972
and declined serving as George McGovern's running mate that year. In
1974, he pledged not to run in 1976, in part because of the renewed
media interest in Chappaquiddick.[5]
Kennedy finally announced his candidacy for the American presidency in
late 1979, challenging incumbent President Jimmy Carter for the
Democratic nomination for the 1980 election. On November 4, 1979, CBS
aired a one-hour television special presented by Roger Mudd titled
Teddy. The program consisted of an interview with Kennedy, interspersed
with visual materials. Much of the show was devoted to the
Chappaquiddick incident.[48] During the interview, Mudd repeatedly
questioned Kennedy about the incident and at one point directly accused
him of lying.[48] During the interview, Kennedy also hurt himself by
giving an "incoherent and repetitive" answer to the question, "Why do
you want to be President?",[49] and by calling the American-supported
Shah of Iran "one of the most violent regimes in the history of
mankind".[50] The program inflicted serious political damage on
Kennedy.[49][50][51][52][53] Time reported that Carter alluded to the
Chappaquiddick incident twice in the space of five days, once declaring
that he had not "panicked in the crisis."[54] Kennedy lost the
Democratic nomination to Carter, but remained in the Senate seat until
his death on August 25, 2009.
Following Kennedy's death, Ed Klein, an editor for New York Times
Magazine and an author of several books about the Kennedy family, stated
that Kennedy would often pose the question to people he met, "Have you
heard any new jokes about Chappaquiddick?" Klein also said, "It’s not
that he didn’t feel remorse about the death of Mary Jo Kopechne, but
that he still always saw the other side of everything and the ridiculous
side of things, too."[55]
[edit]References
^ a b c Bly, pp. 202–206.
^ a b c d e f Wills, pp. 117–120.
^ - 1969 Year in Review: Chappaquiddick -
"http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-
1969/Chappaquiddick/12303189849225-7/" -
^ Boyle (1970),pp. 26–27, reported at Damore (1989), p. 357.
^ a b Russell, Jenna (2009-02-17). "Chapter 3: Chappaquiddick:
Conflicted ambitions, then, Chappaquiddick". The Boston Globe. Retrieved
2009-02-24.
^ Exhumation hearing, p. 59, reported at Damore (1989), p. 103.
^ Boyle (1970) p. 35, reported at Damore (1989), p. 358.
^ Boyle (1970), pp. 56–60, reported at Damore (1989), p. 360.
^ a b Anderson, pp. 138–140.
^ Anderson, Jack. (1969, September 1). "Diver Hints Mary Jo Might Have
Been Saved", St. Petersburg Times, Page 19-A
^ a b Boyle (1970), p. 63, reported at Damore (1989), p. 362.
^ Boyle (1970), p. 322, reported at Damore (1989), p. 375.
^ a b Boyle (1970), p. 80, reported at Damore (1989), p. 363.
^ a b Boyle (1970), p. 70, reported at Damore (1989), p. 364.
^ Damore, p. 1.
^ The Bridge at Chappaquiddick, by Jack Olsen, 1970, Little, Brown
publishers
^ Damore, p. 5.
^ [1] People Magazine Vol. 32, No. 4 July 24, 1989 "Frustrated Grand
Jurors Say It Was No Accident Ted Kennedy Got Off Easy".
^ The original statement left Kopechne's surname blank because Kennedy
was unsure of its spelling, see Damore, p. 22.
^ a photographic reproduction of the original typescript, which was
Exhibit number 2 at the inquest, is available at Damore, p. 448.
^ Damore, pp. 192–193.
^ Damore, p. 193.
^ the entire speech was inquest exhibit #3 and can be found at Damore,
pp. 203–206.
^ "Chappaquiddick: 1969 Year in Review, UPI.com"
^ Damore, pp. 206, 208.
^ Kenneth R. Kappel. 1989. Chappaquiddick revealed: what really
happened, 310 pages
^ Klein, Edward (2009). Ted Kennedy: The Dream That Never Died. New York
City: Crown Publishers. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-307-45103-3.
^ Damore, p. 49.
^ a b c Damore, p. vi.
^ Damore, p. 307.
^ *"Dinis Says Blood On Mary Jo's Body", Boston Herald Traveler,
September 16, 1969.
^ Damore, p. 343.
^ Trotta, p. 184.
^ a b Bly, p. 213.
^ Dinis, pp. 391–392.
^ Dinis, p. 392.
^ a b Bly, p. 216.
^ a b c d "End of the Affair". Time magazine. 1970-04-20. Retrieved
2008-08-03.
^ Press release of Registrar McLaughlin, July 23, 1969, reported at
Damore, p. 165.
^ facsimiles of the hearing report and the letter are at Damore, pp.
449–450.
^ Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2000). Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot.
Warner Books. pp. 395, 396, 399. ISBN 0-446-52426-3.
^ Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2000). Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot.
Warner Books. p. 192. ISBN 0-446-52426-3.
^ James, Susan Donaldson (2009-08-26). "Chappaquiddick: No Profile in
Kennedy Courage". ABC News. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
^ Peter Barnard, "One giant leap backwards", The Times, 22 July 1994.
^ "Ted Kennedy and Chappaquiddick, the true story". Crikey. 2009-08-27.
Retrieved 2009-09-02.
^ The Bridge at Chappaquiddick, by Jack Olsen, Little, Brown publishers,
1970
^ "Lampoon's Surrender", TIME Magazine, November 12, 1973. Retrieved
September 10, 2006.
^ a b Barry, p. 182.
^ a b Allis, Sam (2009-02-18). "Chapter 4: Sailing Into the Wind: Losing
a quest for the top, finding a new freedom". The Boston Globe. Retrieved
2009-03-10.
^ a b Boller, Paul F (2004). Presidential Campaigns: From George
Washington to George W. Bush. Oxford University Press. p. 355. ISBN
0195167163.
^ Barry, p. 188.
^ Baughman, James L. The Republic of Mass Culture: Journalism,
Filmmaking, and Broadcasting in America since 1941. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0801883156.
^ Jamieson, pp. 379–381.
^ Monday, Oct. 08, 1979 (1979-10-08). "Nation: Once Again,
Chappaquiddick". TIME. Retrieved 2009-08-26.
^ "Reflections on Sen. Kennedy". The Diane Rehm Show. August 26, 2009.
Retrieved August 28, 2009. Klein's remark comes in an exchange that
begins around 29:45.
[edit]Bibliography
Anderson, Jack; Daryl Gibson (1999). Peace, War, and Politics: An
Eyewitness Account. New York: Forge. ISBN 0312874979.
Barry, Ann Marie. Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image, and
Manipulation in Visual Communication. Albany, NY: State University of
New York Press. ISBN 0791434354.
Bly, Nellie (1996). The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal,
and Secrets. New York: Kensington Books. ISBN 1575661063.
Boyle, James A (1970). Inquest into the death of Mary Jo Kopechne.
Edgartown, MA: Edgartown District Court. OCLC 180774589.
Damore, Leo (1989). Senatorial Privilege: The Chappaquiddick Cover-up.
New York: Dell Publishing. ISBN 044020416X.
Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1996). Packaging The Presidency: A History and
Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising (3rd edition ed.). New
York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195089421.
Trotta, Liz (1994). Fighting for Air: In the Trenches With Television
News. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0826209521.
Wills, Gary (2002). The Kennedy Imprisonment: A Meditation on Power (1st
Mariner Books edition ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN
0618134433.
[edit]Further reading
1969: The Ted Kennedy Episode by H. Don Hastings.
1970: Inquest into the Death of Mary Jo Kopechne, Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, Edgartown District Court. New York: EVR Productions.
1970: Olsen, Jack. The Bridge at Chappaquiddick. Little, Brown and Co.
ISBN 9780441079582.
1971: Teddy Bare, the Last of the Kennedy Clan. by Zad Rust.
1973: You, the Jury – in re: Chappaquiddick by R. B. Cutler.
1975: The Inspector's Opinion: The Chappaquiddick Incident by Malcolm
Reybold.
1976: The Last Kennedy by Robert Sherrill.
1976: Burns, James M. Edward Kennedy and the Camelot Legacy. New York:
W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-07501-X.
1979: Jones, Richard E. "The Chappaquiddick Inquest: The Complete
Transcript of the Inquest into the Death of Mary Jo Kopechne".
1979: Kennedy's Chappaquiddick Revisited: What Really Happened by John
Haggard.
1979: Tedrow, Thomas L. Death at Chappaquiddick. New Orleans: Pelican
Company. ISBN 0-88289-249-5.
1980: Chappaquiddick Decision by Larryann C Willis.
1989: Chappaquiddick Revealed What Really Happened by Kenneth Kappel.
1992: Oates, Joyce C. Black Water. New York: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-
93455-3 (fictional treatment).
1993: Chappaquiddick: The Real Story by James E. T. Lange, Katherine,
Jr. Dewitt.
2006: The Gemstone File: A Memoir by Stephanie Caruana. Victoria, B.C.,
Trafford. ISBN 1-4120-6137-7.
2006: Investigation of Bodies in Water by Daniel J. Spitz. In: Spitz,
W.U. & Spitz, D.J. (eds): Spitz and Fisher’s Medicolegal Investigation
of Death. Guideline for the Application of Pathology to Crime
Investigations (Fourth edition), Charles C. Thomas, pp.: 846–881;
Springfield, Illinois.
2009: Ted Kennedy: The Dream That Never Died, by Edward Klein. Crown
Publishers, New York, ISBN 978-0-307-45103-3. (Includes a chapter on
Chappaquiddick with quotes from the Inquest and other sources.)
[edit]External links
FBI Chappaquiddick investigation files
Ted Kennedy's speech following Chappaquiddick incident
Coordinates: 41°22′24.0″N 70°27′13.3″W
[show]v · d · eEdward M. Kennedy
[show]v · d · eJohn F. Kennedy
Categories: 1969 crimes | 1969 in American politics | 1969 road
accidents | Congressional scandals | Martha's Vineyard | Political
scandals in Massachusetts | Road accidents in the United States | Ted
Kennedy
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【在 z********6 的大作中提到】

: 肯尼迪前议员撞死人不也摆平了？这是美国自由。美国还能随便派大兵去别的国家杀人
: 强奸，中国行
: 么？