(ZT) Race Differences in Intelligence (book)# WaterWorld - 未名水世界
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Race Mean I.Q Mean brain size (cc)
East-Asians 105 1416
Europeans 100 1369
South-East Asians 90 1332
Pacific Islanders 85 1317
South Asians and North Africans 84 1293
Africans 67 1282
Indigenous Australians (aborigines) 62 1225
As with Lynn's and Tatu Vanhanen's 2006 book IQ and Global Inequality, the
book was published by Washington Summit Publishers.[1] It was followed in
2008 by The Global Bell Curve. Lynn's survey is an expansion by nearly four
times of the data collected in his 2002 book IQ and the Wealth of Nations
with Tatu Vanhanen, which dealt with the relationship between IQ and
economic development.
Average IQ of indigenous populations according to Lynn (2006)[2]The book
claims to represent the largest collection and review of the global
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) data, surveying 620 published studies from around
the world, with a total of 813,778 tested individuals. Lynn's meta-analysis
lists East Asians (IQ 105), Europeans (100), Inuit (91), South East Asians
(87), Native Americans (87), Pacific Islanders (85), South Asians and North
Africans (84), Indians (82), non-bushmen Sub-Saharan Africans (67),
Australian Aborigines (62), Bushmen and Pygmies (54). The average human IQ
of the world is estimated to be 90.[3]
Lynn defines races as the genetic clusters or ancestral population groups
identified in previous genetic cluster analysis by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza and
his colleagues in their 1994 book The History and Geography of Human Genes.
Many current ethnic groups would be mixtures of these races. See also the
Race and genetics article.
The book defends the reliability and validity of the measures. When taken as
national averages, the data available, particularly regarding the
developing world, is uncertain due to limited sampling, year of testing, and
varying type of cognitive ability test used. Lynn argues that, though
additional evidence may be required to confirm some of the racial IQ
estimates, the surveyed studies have high reliability in the sense that
different studies give similar results. For instance, East Asians invariably
obtain high IQs, not only in their own native homelands but also in
Singapore, Malaysia, Hawaii, and North America. He also argues that they
have high validity in the sense that they correlate highly with performance
in international studies of achievement in mathematics and science and with
national economic development.
Broadly speaking, Lynn estimates that about half of the IQ deficit of third
world races can be explained by inadequate nutrition, while the other half
is racially genetic. For example Lynn argues that while Africans living in
Africa average IQ 67, African Americans living in the Southern United States
(where European admixture is very low) average IQ 80. Lynn believes the
latter figure represents their genotypic intelligence, while the IQs in
Africa are stunted by malnutrition.
Ashkenazi Jews who Lynn classifies as West Asian/European hybrids, average
108-115 in the U.S. and Britain. Israel has an average IQ of only about 95.
Lynn explains this by breaking down the Israeli population into three
components: 40 percent Ashkenazi Jews (European Jewish) with an average IQ
of 103; 40 percent Sephardi Jews (Oriental Jewish) with an average IQ of 91;
and 20 percent Arab with an average IQ of 86. Lynn suggests these
differences could have arisen from selective migration (more intelligent
Jews emigrated to Britain and the USA), intermarriage with neighboring
populations with different average IQs, selective survival through
persecution (European Jews were the most persecuted), and the presence of
ethnic non-Jews among the Ashkenazim in Israel as a result of the
immigration of people from the former Soviet Bloc countries who posed as
Jews. See also the article on Ashkenazi intelligence.
Lynn argues that as early humans migrated out of Africa there was the
cognitively demanding problem of cold winters with no plant food. These
problems became much greater in the last ice age that began about 28,000
years ago and lasted until about 11,000 years ago. This required greater
intelligence than was needed in tropical and semi-tropical equatorial Africa
where plant foods are plentiful throughout the year and regulating
temperature is easier. However, he writes that the Inuit, who lives in the
coldest climate, do not have the highest average IQ. He explains this by a
larger population density increasing the number of beneficial mutations and
increasing interactions between groups of people which increases the speed
by which advantageous genes can spread.
East-Asians 105 1416
Europeans 100 1369
South-East Asians 90 1332
Pacific Islanders 85 1317
South Asians and North Africans 84 1293
Africans 67 1282
Indigenous Australians (aborigines) 62 1225
As with Lynn's and Tatu Vanhanen's 2006 book IQ and Global Inequality, the
book was published by Washington Summit Publishers.[1] It was followed in
2008 by The Global Bell Curve. Lynn's survey is an expansion by nearly four
times of the data collected in his 2002 book IQ and the Wealth of Nations
with Tatu Vanhanen, which dealt with the relationship between IQ and
economic development.
Average IQ of indigenous populations according to Lynn (2006)[2]The book
claims to represent the largest collection and review of the global
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) data, surveying 620 published studies from around
the world, with a total of 813,778 tested individuals. Lynn's meta-analysis
lists East Asians (IQ 105), Europeans (100), Inuit (91), South East Asians
(87), Native Americans (87), Pacific Islanders (85), South Asians and North
Africans (84), Indians (82), non-bushmen Sub-Saharan Africans (67),
Australian Aborigines (62), Bushmen and Pygmies (54). The average human IQ
of the world is estimated to be 90.[3]
Lynn defines races as the genetic clusters or ancestral population groups
identified in previous genetic cluster analysis by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza and
his colleagues in their 1994 book The History and Geography of Human Genes.
Many current ethnic groups would be mixtures of these races. See also the
Race and genetics article.
The book defends the reliability and validity of the measures. When taken as
national averages, the data available, particularly regarding the
developing world, is uncertain due to limited sampling, year of testing, and
varying type of cognitive ability test used. Lynn argues that, though
additional evidence may be required to confirm some of the racial IQ
estimates, the surveyed studies have high reliability in the sense that
different studies give similar results. For instance, East Asians invariably
obtain high IQs, not only in their own native homelands but also in
Singapore, Malaysia, Hawaii, and North America. He also argues that they
have high validity in the sense that they correlate highly with performance
in international studies of achievement in mathematics and science and with
national economic development.
Broadly speaking, Lynn estimates that about half of the IQ deficit of third
world races can be explained by inadequate nutrition, while the other half
is racially genetic. For example Lynn argues that while Africans living in
Africa average IQ 67, African Americans living in the Southern United States
(where European admixture is very low) average IQ 80. Lynn believes the
latter figure represents their genotypic intelligence, while the IQs in
Africa are stunted by malnutrition.
Ashkenazi Jews who Lynn classifies as West Asian/European hybrids, average
108-115 in the U.S. and Britain. Israel has an average IQ of only about 95.
Lynn explains this by breaking down the Israeli population into three
components: 40 percent Ashkenazi Jews (European Jewish) with an average IQ
of 103; 40 percent Sephardi Jews (Oriental Jewish) with an average IQ of 91;
and 20 percent Arab with an average IQ of 86. Lynn suggests these
differences could have arisen from selective migration (more intelligent
Jews emigrated to Britain and the USA), intermarriage with neighboring
populations with different average IQs, selective survival through
persecution (European Jews were the most persecuted), and the presence of
ethnic non-Jews among the Ashkenazim in Israel as a result of the
immigration of people from the former Soviet Bloc countries who posed as
Jews. See also the article on Ashkenazi intelligence.
Lynn argues that as early humans migrated out of Africa there was the
cognitively demanding problem of cold winters with no plant food. These
problems became much greater in the last ice age that began about 28,000
years ago and lasted until about 11,000 years ago. This required greater
intelligence than was needed in tropical and semi-tropical equatorial Africa
where plant foods are plentiful throughout the year and regulating
temperature is easier. However, he writes that the Inuit, who lives in the
coldest climate, do not have the highest average IQ. He explains this by a
larger population density increasing the number of beneficial mutations and
increasing interactions between groups of people which increases the speed
by which advantageous genes can spread.