各位父老乡亲，各位英语达人，能不能帮小妹改改明天演讲的稿子啊# WaterWorld - 未名水世界
z*x
1 楼
我明天要做”EU-China,historical background"的演讲，只有差不多20分钟的时间，
而我的稿子太长，各位好心人能不能帮我精简一下啊？感激不尽啊~~~我因为是新人只
有20个包子，大家别嫌少啊~
Capital 1:The earliest Trade/ Communication between China and Europe
European-looking mummies found in China----The Taklamakan Mummies
In the late 1980's, perfectly preserved 3000-year-old mummies began
appearing in a remote Taklamakan desert. They had long reddish-blond hair,
European features and didn't appear to be the ancestors of modern-day
Chinese people. Archaeologists (ar.kie.ol.o.gy ) now think they may have
been the citizens of an ancient civilization that existed at the crossroads
between China and Europe.
Some artifacts found with the mummies, including bronze and sheep bones,
hint that Europeans brought technologies and some domesticated （do.mes.ti.
cat.ed ）animals to China。The European appearance of the mummies suggests
that trade between Europe and Asia existed nearly 4,000 years ago
Capital 2：：The Silk Roads
By the end of the first century B.C., there was a great expansion of
international trade. Numerous contacts were forged between the major centers
of civilization in Europe and Asia, although travel was arduous and
knowledge of geography imperfect. Some of these trade routes had been in use
for centuries
The Silk Road gets its name from the Chinese silk trade. The German term “
Seidenstraße” was first used in 1877 by the German geographer Baron
Ferdinand von Richthofen.Then came the English term into general use.
The central Asian sections of the trade routes were expanded around 114 BC
by the Han dynasty,[7] largely through the missions and explorations of
Zhang Qian, who visited Bactria and had found the way to the west
Overland routes
The northern route started at Luoyang, the capital of the Later Han Dynasty.
It traveled northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu and split into
three further routes, two of them following the mountain ranges to the north
and south of the Taklimakan Desert to rejoin at Kashgar; and the other
going north of the Tian Shan mountains . The three routes joined the main
southern route before reaching Merv (Turkmenistan). It then followed a
nearly straight line west through mountainous northern Iran, Mesopotamia and
the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant, where Mediterranean
trading ships plied regular routes to Italy.
Maritime routes
Going back nearly 2000 years, during China's Eastern Han Dynasty, a sea
route, although not part of the formal Silk Route, led from the mouth of the
Red River near modern Hanoi, through the Malacca Straits to Southeast Asia,
Sri Lanka and India, and then on to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea
kingdom of Axum and eventual Roman ports.
Culture Exchange
The ancient Silk Road contributed greatly to the cultural exchange between
China and the West. From the second century BC to the fifteenth century AD,
splendid civilizations among China, India, Greece, Persia and Rome were
exchanged along this famous trade route, making the route a great "Cultural
Bridge" between Asia and Europe.
Religions Introduced into China via Silk Road
Religions of the West were introduced into China via the world-famous Silk
Road. Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheism, Nestorianism and Islam were
cultural treasure of the ancient west, which were bestowed upon China during
the old times.
Chinese Technologies Introduced into the West via Silk Road
The Chinese Four Great Inventions (paper making, printing, gunpowder and
compass) as well as the skills of silkworm breeding and silk spinning were
transmitted to the West. This greatly sped up the development of the entire
world.
Material culture exchange was also underway on this long trade road. A large
number of products of the West flowed into China, such as grapes, clover,
walnuts, carrots, peppers, beans, spinach, cucumbers, pomegranates, rare
animals, medicinal materials, flavorings and jewelry.
Disintegration
The fragmentation of the Mongol Empire loosened the unity of the Silk Road.
The great political powers along the Silk Road became economically and
culturally separated. Trading between east and west had decreased. Then it
was not until around 1400 when transcontinental trade over the land routes
of the Silk Road declined and sea trade increased.
In 1513 the first European trading ship arrived at the coasts of China,
which opened formally relations between the Portuguese Empire and the Ming
Dynasty .
The Opium Wars
Direct maritime trade between Europe and China began with the Portuguese in
the 16th century, other European nations soon followed. The exchange of
goods between China and the West accelerated dramatically. As demand
increased in Europe, the profits European traders generated were gradually
replaced by the direct export of bullion from Europe in exchange for the
products of Asia. The Spanish Empire began to sell opium to the Chinese in
order to prevent the trade deficit
British trade and the Canton System
British ships began to appear infrequently around the coasts of China from
1635; they were allowed to trade at the ports of Zhoushan and Xiamen in
addition to Guangzhou (Canton).
Official British trade was conducted through the auspices of the British
East India Company, which held a royal charter for trade with the Far East.
In the 18th century, despite the protest from the Qing government, British
traders began importing opium from India. Although the Yongzheng Emperor
prohibited the sale and smoking of opium in 1729, the Qing government was
still unable to halt opium smuggling in the southern provinces. By the 1820s
China was importing 900 tons of opium annually
. First Opium War (1839–1842)
In March 1839 the Emperor appointed a new strict commissioner, Lin Zexu, to
control the opium trade at the port of Canton. His enforced a permanent halt
to drug shipments into China. When the British refused to end the trade,
Lin blockaded the British traders in their factories and cut off supplies of
food. Chinese troops boarded British ships and destroyed the opium aboard.
When the British learned of what was taking place in Canton, they sent a
large British Indian army to China, which arrived in June 1840
In 1842 the Qing authorities sued for peace, which concluded with the Treaty
of Nanking 。In the treaty, China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain
, open four ports, and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria. In 1844, the United
States and France concluded similar treaties with China, the Treaty of
Wanghia 望夏 and Treaty of Whampoa 黄浦respectively.
Second Opium War (1856–1860)
The Chinese authorities had been reluctant to keep to the terms of the 1842
Treaty of Nanking. They had tried to keep out as many foreign merchants as
possible.In October 1856 the Chinese authorities in Canton seized a vessel
called the "Arrow" which had been engaged in piracy. The "Arrow" had
formerly been registered as a British ship and was still flying the British
flag. The British consul in Canton demanded the immediate release of the
crew and an apology for the insult to the British flag. The crew was
released, but an apology was not given. In reprisal, the British governor in
Hong Kong ordered warships to bombard Canton.
In December 1857, a strong Anglo-French force occupied Canton and then
cruised north to capture briefly the Taku大沽 (May 1858).
Negotiations between China, Britain, France, the USA and Russia led to the
Tientsin Treaties of June 26–29, 1858. China agreed to open more treaty
ports, to legalize opium importation, to establish a maritime customs
service with foreign inspection and to allow foreign legations at Peking.
China soon abrogated the Anglo-French treaties and refused to allow foreign
diplomats into Peking.
Anglo-French forces gathered at Hong Kong in May 1860. A joint expedition
moved north to Peking. The expedition pressed ahead, reaching the walls of
Peking on September 26. Preparations for an assault commenced and the Old
Summer Palace (Yuan Ming Yuan) was occupied and looted.
Another Chinese request for peace was accepted and China agreed to all
demands. Ten new treaty ports, including Tientsin, were opened to trade with
the western powers, foreign diplomats were to be allowed at Peking and the
opium trade was to be regulated by the Chinese authorities. Kowloon was
surrendered to the British. Permission was granted for foreigners to travel
throughout the country. An indemnity of three million ounces of silver was
paid to Great Britain and two million to France.
Eight-Nation Alliance
The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance of nations made up of Austria-
Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the
United States whose military forces brought an end to the siege of the
Legation Quarter and to the Boxer Rebellion in August 1900. Empress Cixi,
the Emperor, and higher officials fled to Xi'an, and sent Li Hongzhang for
peace talks.
In Beijing, the Bishop posted a bulletin: in the first 8 days after August
18, Catholic Christians may steal life necessities, and declared that
robbing within 50 taels of silver needed neither reporting nor compensation.
[13] On December 14, 1900, a French newspaper quoted a soldier's statement:
"We are open to the Church from the North palace, the priests go with us,
they encourage us murder, robbery, robbing. we are doing for the priests. We
were ordered to do whatever we want in the city for three days, kill if
want to kill, take if want to take, and the actual looting of the eight days
."
The period after 1975
On the 4th of May 1975, a commission delegation arrived in Beijing, prepared
to talk about establishing diplomatic relations between the European
Economic Community and China. The Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign
Affairs had held preliminary conversations with the delegation. As a result
of the visit, the Chinese side decided to establish diplomatic relations
with the EEC, sending an Ambassador to Brussels..
The turning point of the EEC-China trade relations came in 1989, when the
Tiananmen Square Crisis broke out. The EEC imposed economic sanctions to
press china on the human rights front. This strategy, however, did not
survive for long, nor did it pay off. Having realized that a confrontational
approach did not work well, the EU and its Member States started to change
their China policies in 1993 and embraced a period of partnership with China
then a comprehensive partnership in 2001, finally upgraded to a
comprehensive strategic one in 2003.
In the process of globalization trade is booming between a more independent
EU and an opening China. Total two-way trade has increased more than forty-
fold since reforms began in China in 1978 and was worth 103 billion Euros in
2001. In 2002 China became the EU’s 3rd largest trading partner,
overtaking Japan. There has been a striking upwards trend in the first three
months of 2003. Trade has grown by 20 %
China and Europe have both entered a new phase of their respective history,
with China now in the post-Maoist phase and the countries of Europe
developing a closer Union among themselves. The two extremes of the Eurasian
continent have a unique opportunity to find enough wisdom in their
traditions to build a meaningful relationship, the nature of which we are
free to choose ourselves as we are not compelled by geographical necessity.
而我的稿子太长，各位好心人能不能帮我精简一下啊？感激不尽啊~~~我因为是新人只
有20个包子，大家别嫌少啊~
Capital 1:The earliest Trade/ Communication between China and Europe
European-looking mummies found in China----The Taklamakan Mummies
In the late 1980's, perfectly preserved 3000-year-old mummies began
appearing in a remote Taklamakan desert. They had long reddish-blond hair,
European features and didn't appear to be the ancestors of modern-day
Chinese people. Archaeologists (ar.kie.ol.o.gy ) now think they may have
been the citizens of an ancient civilization that existed at the crossroads
between China and Europe.
Some artifacts found with the mummies, including bronze and sheep bones,
hint that Europeans brought technologies and some domesticated （do.mes.ti.
cat.ed ）animals to China。The European appearance of the mummies suggests
that trade between Europe and Asia existed nearly 4,000 years ago
Capital 2：：The Silk Roads
By the end of the first century B.C., there was a great expansion of
international trade. Numerous contacts were forged between the major centers
of civilization in Europe and Asia, although travel was arduous and
knowledge of geography imperfect. Some of these trade routes had been in use
for centuries
The Silk Road gets its name from the Chinese silk trade. The German term “
Seidenstraße” was first used in 1877 by the German geographer Baron
Ferdinand von Richthofen.Then came the English term into general use.
The central Asian sections of the trade routes were expanded around 114 BC
by the Han dynasty,[7] largely through the missions and explorations of
Zhang Qian, who visited Bactria and had found the way to the west
Overland routes
The northern route started at Luoyang, the capital of the Later Han Dynasty.
It traveled northwest through the Chinese province of Gansu and split into
three further routes, two of them following the mountain ranges to the north
and south of the Taklimakan Desert to rejoin at Kashgar; and the other
going north of the Tian Shan mountains . The three routes joined the main
southern route before reaching Merv (Turkmenistan). It then followed a
nearly straight line west through mountainous northern Iran, Mesopotamia and
the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant, where Mediterranean
trading ships plied regular routes to Italy.
Maritime routes
Going back nearly 2000 years, during China's Eastern Han Dynasty, a sea
route, although not part of the formal Silk Route, led from the mouth of the
Red River near modern Hanoi, through the Malacca Straits to Southeast Asia,
Sri Lanka and India, and then on to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea
kingdom of Axum and eventual Roman ports.
Culture Exchange
The ancient Silk Road contributed greatly to the cultural exchange between
China and the West. From the second century BC to the fifteenth century AD,
splendid civilizations among China, India, Greece, Persia and Rome were
exchanged along this famous trade route, making the route a great "Cultural
Bridge" between Asia and Europe.
Religions Introduced into China via Silk Road
Religions of the West were introduced into China via the world-famous Silk
Road. Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheism, Nestorianism and Islam were
cultural treasure of the ancient west, which were bestowed upon China during
the old times.
Chinese Technologies Introduced into the West via Silk Road
The Chinese Four Great Inventions (paper making, printing, gunpowder and
compass) as well as the skills of silkworm breeding and silk spinning were
transmitted to the West. This greatly sped up the development of the entire
world.
Material culture exchange was also underway on this long trade road. A large
number of products of the West flowed into China, such as grapes, clover,
walnuts, carrots, peppers, beans, spinach, cucumbers, pomegranates, rare
animals, medicinal materials, flavorings and jewelry.
Disintegration
The fragmentation of the Mongol Empire loosened the unity of the Silk Road.
The great political powers along the Silk Road became economically and
culturally separated. Trading between east and west had decreased. Then it
was not until around 1400 when transcontinental trade over the land routes
of the Silk Road declined and sea trade increased.
In 1513 the first European trading ship arrived at the coasts of China,
which opened formally relations between the Portuguese Empire and the Ming
Dynasty .
The Opium Wars
Direct maritime trade between Europe and China began with the Portuguese in
the 16th century, other European nations soon followed. The exchange of
goods between China and the West accelerated dramatically. As demand
increased in Europe, the profits European traders generated were gradually
replaced by the direct export of bullion from Europe in exchange for the
products of Asia. The Spanish Empire began to sell opium to the Chinese in
order to prevent the trade deficit
British trade and the Canton System
British ships began to appear infrequently around the coasts of China from
1635; they were allowed to trade at the ports of Zhoushan and Xiamen in
addition to Guangzhou (Canton).
Official British trade was conducted through the auspices of the British
East India Company, which held a royal charter for trade with the Far East.
In the 18th century, despite the protest from the Qing government, British
traders began importing opium from India. Although the Yongzheng Emperor
prohibited the sale and smoking of opium in 1729, the Qing government was
still unable to halt opium smuggling in the southern provinces. By the 1820s
China was importing 900 tons of opium annually
. First Opium War (1839–1842)
In March 1839 the Emperor appointed a new strict commissioner, Lin Zexu, to
control the opium trade at the port of Canton. His enforced a permanent halt
to drug shipments into China. When the British refused to end the trade,
Lin blockaded the British traders in their factories and cut off supplies of
food. Chinese troops boarded British ships and destroyed the opium aboard.
When the British learned of what was taking place in Canton, they sent a
large British Indian army to China, which arrived in June 1840
In 1842 the Qing authorities sued for peace, which concluded with the Treaty
of Nanking 。In the treaty, China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain
, open four ports, and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria. In 1844, the United
States and France concluded similar treaties with China, the Treaty of
Wanghia 望夏 and Treaty of Whampoa 黄浦respectively.
Second Opium War (1856–1860)
The Chinese authorities had been reluctant to keep to the terms of the 1842
Treaty of Nanking. They had tried to keep out as many foreign merchants as
possible.In October 1856 the Chinese authorities in Canton seized a vessel
called the "Arrow" which had been engaged in piracy. The "Arrow" had
formerly been registered as a British ship and was still flying the British
flag. The British consul in Canton demanded the immediate release of the
crew and an apology for the insult to the British flag. The crew was
released, but an apology was not given. In reprisal, the British governor in
Hong Kong ordered warships to bombard Canton.
In December 1857, a strong Anglo-French force occupied Canton and then
cruised north to capture briefly the Taku大沽 (May 1858).
Negotiations between China, Britain, France, the USA and Russia led to the
Tientsin Treaties of June 26–29, 1858. China agreed to open more treaty
ports, to legalize opium importation, to establish a maritime customs
service with foreign inspection and to allow foreign legations at Peking.
China soon abrogated the Anglo-French treaties and refused to allow foreign
diplomats into Peking.
Anglo-French forces gathered at Hong Kong in May 1860. A joint expedition
moved north to Peking. The expedition pressed ahead, reaching the walls of
Peking on September 26. Preparations for an assault commenced and the Old
Summer Palace (Yuan Ming Yuan) was occupied and looted.
Another Chinese request for peace was accepted and China agreed to all
demands. Ten new treaty ports, including Tientsin, were opened to trade with
the western powers, foreign diplomats were to be allowed at Peking and the
opium trade was to be regulated by the Chinese authorities. Kowloon was
surrendered to the British. Permission was granted for foreigners to travel
throughout the country. An indemnity of three million ounces of silver was
paid to Great Britain and two million to France.
Eight-Nation Alliance
The Eight-Nation Alliance was an alliance of nations made up of Austria-
Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the
United States whose military forces brought an end to the siege of the
Legation Quarter and to the Boxer Rebellion in August 1900. Empress Cixi,
the Emperor, and higher officials fled to Xi'an, and sent Li Hongzhang for
peace talks.
In Beijing, the Bishop posted a bulletin: in the first 8 days after August
18, Catholic Christians may steal life necessities, and declared that
robbing within 50 taels of silver needed neither reporting nor compensation.
[13] On December 14, 1900, a French newspaper quoted a soldier's statement:
"We are open to the Church from the North palace, the priests go with us,
they encourage us murder, robbery, robbing. we are doing for the priests. We
were ordered to do whatever we want in the city for three days, kill if
want to kill, take if want to take, and the actual looting of the eight days
."
The period after 1975
On the 4th of May 1975, a commission delegation arrived in Beijing, prepared
to talk about establishing diplomatic relations between the European
Economic Community and China. The Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign
Affairs had held preliminary conversations with the delegation. As a result
of the visit, the Chinese side decided to establish diplomatic relations
with the EEC, sending an Ambassador to Brussels..
The turning point of the EEC-China trade relations came in 1989, when the
Tiananmen Square Crisis broke out. The EEC imposed economic sanctions to
press china on the human rights front. This strategy, however, did not
survive for long, nor did it pay off. Having realized that a confrontational
approach did not work well, the EU and its Member States started to change
their China policies in 1993 and embraced a period of partnership with China
then a comprehensive partnership in 2001, finally upgraded to a
comprehensive strategic one in 2003.
In the process of globalization trade is booming between a more independent
EU and an opening China. Total two-way trade has increased more than forty-
fold since reforms began in China in 1978 and was worth 103 billion Euros in
2001. In 2002 China became the EU’s 3rd largest trading partner,
overtaking Japan. There has been a striking upwards trend in the first three
months of 2003. Trade has grown by 20 %
China and Europe have both entered a new phase of their respective history,
with China now in the post-Maoist phase and the countries of Europe
developing a closer Union among themselves. The two extremes of the Eurasian
continent have a unique opportunity to find enough wisdom in their
traditions to build a meaningful relationship, the nature of which we are
free to choose ourselves as we are not compelled by geographical necessity.