盛开在油墨香里的大蒜花:莎士比亚的大蒜
八)莎士比亚的大蒜
我们可以在莎士比亚(1564-1616)的几出戏剧里发现大蒜的身影。
《仲夏夜之梦》(Midsummer Night's Dream)的第四幕第二场,波顿与一群业余演员有一场对话,现翻译如下:
波顿:
“各位,咱有些奇迹要告诉你们 – 但不许问是我什么。要是咱对你们说了,咱就不是真正的雅典人。咱要把一切都告诉你们,一字不差地说出来。”
(BOTTOM
Masters, I am to discourse wonders—but ask me not what, for if I tell you I am no true Athenian. I will tell you everything, right as it fell out.)
昆斯:
“让我们听听吧,好波顿。”
(QUINCE
Let us hear, sweet Bottom.)
波顿:
“关于自己的事咱一个字也不会说。咱要告诉你们的是,公爵已经用过正餐了。把你们的行头收拾起来,用一些好的绳子绑住你们的胡子,用一些新的缎带装饰你们的舞鞋。尽快在宫殿前集合,每个人都再次看看各自的台词。总而言之,我们的戏将要表演了。无论如何,让提斯柏穿干净一点的衬衫。让扮演狮子的那位别把指甲剪掉,因为那是要露在外面做狮子的爪子的。各位亲爱的演员们,别吃洋葱和大蒜,因为咱们要吐出香甜的气息。咱敢肯定会听到他们说,‘这是一出香甜的戏剧。’咱说完了,去吧,去吧!”
(BOTTOM
Not a word of me. All that I will tell you is that the duke hath dined. Get your apparel together, good strings to your beards, new ribbons to your pumps. Meet presently at the palace. Every man look o'er his part. For the short and the long is, our play is preferred. In any case, let Thisbe have clean linen. And let not him that plays the lion pair his nails, for they shall hang out for the lion’s claws. And most dear actors, eat no onions nor garlic, for we are to utter sweet breath. And I do not doubt but to hear them say, “It is a sweet comedy.” No more words. Away, go away!)
波顿在演出前叮嘱伙伴们勿食洋葱和大蒜,因为他们要吐出香甜的气息。当时的英国上等阶层是非常排斥大蒜味的,不过,当英国海军部得知法国海军部队给士兵们提供大蒜和白兰地以增强身体的抵抗力时,他们也如法炮制。
《仲夏夜之梦》采取了戏中戏的创作手法,在雅典公爵特修斯的婚礼上,一帮包括波顿在内的业余演员表演了皮拉莫斯(Pyramus)和提斯柏(Thisbe)的爱情悲剧。这个爱情故事最早见于古罗马诗人奥维德的《变形记》,皮拉莫斯和提斯柏是巴比伦城的一对恋人,他们是邻居,但父母是仇家,不会允许两人在一起。两人只能通过墙缝窃窃私语互诉衷肠。后来他们决定私奔,约好在尼努斯王墓旁的一棵桑树下见面。提斯柏先到,看见一只母狮走来,嘴上还有猎物的鲜血,她吓得躲了起来,不小心将斗篷丢在地面。母狮在泉中饮水后,撕碎了斗篷,并留下了血迹。当皮拉莫斯赶到时,发现了血迹斑斑的斗篷碎片,误以为心上人被野兽吞噬,悲痛之下拔剑自刎,鲜血把白色的桑葚染成了深红色。此时提斯柏返回,见到了血泊中的恋人,痛不欲生的她捡起了同一把剑刺死自己。众神被两人忠贞不渝的爱情感动了,从此将桑葚的颜色永远变为深红色。
《仲夏夜之梦》里的戏中戏起到三个作用:首先,一群文化程度不高的业余演员尽管卖力演出着悲剧,蹩脚的台词和滑稽的演技却带给大家不少笑料。其二,业余演员入戏太深,以为观众搞不清故事与现实的区别。莎翁借此提醒台下的观众,本故事纯属虚构,如有雷同,实属巧合。其三,戏中戏里的皮拉莫斯与提斯柏为追求恋爱自由而私奔,观看他们演出的一众参加公爵婚礼的嘉宾中,就有赫米娅(Hermia)与拉山德(Lysander)这一对遭遇相似的苦命鸳鸯。当小两口看着蹩脚的演出开心大笑时,台下那些前来捧场《仲夏夜之梦》的观众们不也觉得他们两人的爱情经历很荒唐吗?“你站在桥上看风景,看风景的人在楼上看你。明月装饰了你的窗子,你装饰了别人的梦”。生活是辩证的,每个人都是独立的篇章,梦想有多大,舞台就有多大。另一方面,人与人之间又是互相关联的,瞬时的爱情火花,或许就成为另一种永恒。
愿我们的梦想和爱情都能实现。
《亨利四世》第一部,第三幕第一场,几位叛军首领相聚于奥因·格林德(Owain Glyndwr)在威尔士的城堡内,一起密谋大事。珀西(Percy)家族中最重要的两个成员 — 霍兹波(Hotspur )和伍斯特(Worcester),以及莫提默(Mortimer)勋爵都在那儿。格林德是莫提默的岳父,也是威尔士叛军的领袖,他笃信远古的威尔士异教徒的预言、预兆和魔法,声称自己能够召唤地狱里的灵魂。他还说自己出生时大地震动,天空中燃烧着火焰。霍兹波不相信这些迷信,毫不客气地与格林德顶嘴。接着,这几个人商量如何在击败亨利四世后瓜分英国,格林德与霍兹波再次发生口角,格林德最终让步,结束了争端。格林德离开房间后,莫提默、霍兹波和伍斯特之间有一场对话,翻译如下:
莫提默:
“哎哟,珀西兄弟!你让我岳父太生气啦!”
(MORTIMER
Fie, cousin Percy, how you cross my father!)
霍兹波:
“我忍无可忍。有时候他让我很生气,跟我讲鼹鼠、蚂蚁、梅林术士和他的预言、龙、没有鳍的鱼、剪掉翅膀的狮鹫兽、脱毛的乌鸦、蜷伏的狮子、伺机突袭的猫,诸如此类荒诞不经的话,我都不知道该相信什么了。我告诉你吧,昨晚他拉住我至少九个小时,一一列举了那些听命于他的魔鬼的名字。我只是说着“哼”“好吧”“多有趣”,但是听不进一个字。啊,他乏味得像一匹倦马,像一个唠叨的妻子,比一间烟熏的房子还要糟糕。我宁可住在遥远的风车房里,吃着奶酪和大蒜,也不愿在基督世界的任何一座避暑别墅里享受美味珍馐,听他喋喋不休。”
(HOTSPUR
I cannot choose. Sometime he angers me
With telling me of the moldwarp and the ant,
Of the dreamer Merlin and his prophecies,
And of a dragon and a finless fish,
A clip-winged griffin and a moulten raven,
A couching lion and a ramping cat,
And such a deal of skimble-skamble stuff
As puts me from my faith. I tell you what—
He held me last night at least nine hours
In reckoning up the several devils' names
That were his lackeys. I cried “Hum,” and “Well, go to,”
But marked him not a word. O, he is as tedious
As a tired horse, a railing wife,
Worse than a smoky house: I had rather live
With cheese and garlic in a windmill, far,
Than feed on cates and have him talk to me
In any summerhouse in Christendom.)
(griffin, 狮鹫兽,也称“格里芬”,它拥有狮子的身体及鹰的头、喙和翅膀。)
莫提默:
“真的,他是一位很体面的绅士,博览群书,精通异术,狮子一般勇敢,非常和蔼可亲,慷慨如印度的宝矿。我能告诉你吗,兄弟?他非常尊重你的性格,当你和他闹别扭时,他竭力克制住了自己的脾气。真的,他对你是宽容的。我向你保证,没有人敢像你这样挑衅他而不受任何伤害或惩罚的。可是让我请求你,别经常用这种态度对待他。”
(MORTIMER
In faith, he is a worthy gentleman,
Exceedingly well read and profited
In strange concealments, valiant as a lion,
And as wondrous affable, and as bountiful
As mines of India. Shall I tell you, cousin?
He holds your temper in a high respect
And curbs himself even of his natural scope
When you come cross his humor. Faith, he does.
I warrant you that man is not alive
Might so have tempted him as you have done
Without the taste of danger and reproof.
But do not use it oft, let me entreat you.)
华斯特:
(对霍兹波说)“真的,我的爵爷,你应该责怪自己太任性了。自从你来到此地,屡次冒犯他,已经令他到了忍无可忍的地步。爵爷,你必须设法纠正这个过错。虽然它有时表现出伟大、勇气和魄力 – 那都是上天赐予你的最宝贵的恩典 – 可是常常会给人狂躁、无理、缺乏自制力、骄傲、侮慢、自负和轻蔑的印象。一个贵人一旦有了些许这样的缺点,就会失去人心,在其余的一切美好品格上面留下一个污迹,遮掩了它们本该被赞美的特质。”
WORCESTER
(to HOTSPUR) In faith, my lord, you are too willful-blame,
And, since your coming hither, have done enough
To put him quite beside his patience.
You must needs learn, lord, to amend this fault.
Though sometimes it show greatness, courage, blood—
And that’s the dearest grace it renders you—
Yet oftentimes it doth present harsh rage,
Defect of manners, want of government,
Pride, haughtiness, opinion, and disdain,
The least of which, haunting a nobleman,
Loseth men’s hearts and leaves behind a stain
Upon the beauty of all parts besides,
Beguiling them of commendation.
霍兹波:
“好的,我受教了,愿良好的礼貌为你们带来成功!我们的妻子来了,让我们向她们告别吧。”
(HOTSPUR
Well, I am schooled. Good manners be your speed!
Here come our wives, and let us take our leave.)
从以上的对话可以看出霍兹波的蛮横无理的暴躁脾气。虽然他具有非凡的勇气且能征善战,但缺乏政治技巧和外交手段,不懂得好好说话。他不经大脑脱口而出的一些粗鲁的言词,就疏远了家族中最重要的盟友之一格林德。霍兹波的这个性格缺陷成了他的致命弱点,他的政治才能远逊于善于操纵人心的哈利王子。最后他在战场上被哈利王子杀死。
霍兹波说的那句“住在遥远的风车房里,吃着奶酪和大蒜”,说明了吃大蒜是英国下层人民的一种生活方式。