读2016年最畅销书Hillbilly Elegy《山里人的挽歌》(附《陪你一起看草原》
感恩节那天窝在家里看了一部2020年新拍摄的电影Hillbilly Elegy。这是根据一本畅销书改编的电影,据说书比电影好看。好奇心驱使我上图书馆网站排队预约了这本书,等了近两个月,才于一个星期前姗姗而来。借到的这本字体很大,一共370页,语言浅显易懂,前后只花了一星期不到就读完了。
这是一本自传体的回忆录,曾荣获2016年纽约时报最佳畅销书。作者J.D. Vance讲述了自己跟随母亲和祖父母走出了横貫在肯塔基州的Appalachia大山,举家移居到Ohio Middletown的故事。J.D.生长于一个单亲家庭,母亲离婚后,像走马灯一样的换男朋友,又结婚再离婚(在他高中毕业离家前一共换了五任)。小小年纪的J.D. 无奈地跟着不停变换住处 (两年内换四个家),与陌生的继父和继父的孩子同住一个屋檐下。母亲脾气暴躁,常常摔锅子摔盆,还曾经毒打J.D.。后来母亲又染上毒瘾,更是无暇照顾J.D.了。J. D.与姐姐相依为命度过了一段时期。姐姐出嫁后,寄人篱下的他因为漂泊无定,无法安心上学。是老祖母的最后收留让他结束了这样担惊受怕的日子,能继续他的高中学习。高中毕业后,J.D.选择了去当兵,四年满期后,他回到Ohio州,申请去了Ohio State University读书,两年后又考入耶鲁大学的法学院。从一名曾经的高中D学生,到赫赫有名的耶鲁法学院学生,他的成长、成熟、成功离不开老祖母的鞭策,部队的锻炼和他自身的觉醒和努力。但是,这本回忆录不只是一个一家三代人的故事,穿插其中的,更多的是作者对很多社会现象的思考。作者将焦点聚集在低收入白人这样一个群体,揭示他们每况愈下的生活,从自身经历出发,从他所亲眼目睹和感受到的真实体验,来剖析问题的根源。我想把书中提到的一些问题和现象做如下的陈列、归纳和引申:
1.美国福利制度的不合理 作者读高中期间在一家商店打工,亲眼看见那些领食物劵(food stamp)吃福利的人到商店里购物,一边结账一边打手机电话,那时估计是九十年代末二十世纪初,在不是人人拥有手机的年代,领食物劵的人却买得起酒喝,买得起手机,有能力支付每个月的手机话费。还有些人用食物券买两打苏打饮料,然后折价买掉换现金,这种现象让作者不解。联想到他认识的身边有些人,一辈子不工作,整日游手好闲,靠吃福利过日子,他们不以吃福利为耻,反而以此为荣,讥笑那些整日埋头工作的人,这让那些日日上班却依然生活窘迫的人十分愤愤不平。因为这些吃福利的人挥霍的是纳税人的钱,作者在书中把这些人称之为寄生虫(moucher),他们就想像是依附在劳动人民身上的蚂蟥,是整个社会的包袱。
在读这本书的时候,我碰巧断断续续地在看正在热播的中文连续剧《山海情》。这是一部反映大西部宁夏地区脱贫致富的故事,其中有个片段里说到,政府为了鼓励村民自食其力,出台了无息贷款的政策。影片里说到,这钱不是白白送给村民的,这钱是要还的,因为授人以鱼不如授人以渔。我想道理是相通的,美国这种福利制度只能是养懒人,鼓励不劳而获,坐享其成,不能从根本上解决问题。
2.社会流动性的利弊
从Appalachia山走到俄亥俄州中部的平原,从偏僻的农场走向大型钢厂(祖父),从一个平民百姓的孩子跻身到藤校法学院,这无疑都是一个向上向前的流动。它开拓了人的视野,给人注入新能量,新信息,从而激发了人的潜能。但是,这些被大山养育的人群虽然离开了家乡,身上又带着那里的烙印 (You can take the boy out of Kentucky, but you can’t take Kentucky out of the boy. (P. 41))。他们游离于两种文化间,在他们一只脚踏入新领域,新环境时,另一只脚却停留在旧文化旧观念旧习俗里。 书中提到,这些来自Appalachia山脉的居民,他们怀念家乡的风土人情,抱团生活在自己小圈子里,固守着自己的文化和生活方式,很难融入或彻底投身到当地居民的生活中,是当地人眼中的异类。这种难以割舍的情怀让他们频繁地奔波在连接他乡和故乡的高速公路上,他们在得到经济状况改善的同时,又是有失落,迷茫的。这种剥离蜕变,破茧成蝶的过程或许很痛苦,但是社会不就是在一次次的阵痛中向前的吗?
提到移居,人们联想到的词或许是uproot, 连根拔起。但是作者书中用的是transplant这个词,这个词好,从字面上就说明,移居它不应该是断根,应该是一种移植,是移植于更肥沃的土壤,为了更好地生长和繁衍。
3.一个家庭对孩子的影响是长远的
这个话题看似没有新意,但是从作者口中再次讲述又是很让人深思的。作者的母亲自控力差,动辄打他,骂他,作者曾经一度心怀怨恨。直到有一天他看清楚了问题的症结:母亲的这种个性是源于她的家庭背景。外祖母生养了三个孩子,期间却遭遇九次流产。外祖母也是一个性格刚烈的女子,12岁就知道拿枪摆平纠纷,诉诸于暴力。书中的外祖父一度酗酒,劝告无效后的外祖母一气之下居然往外祖父身上浇汽油,点燃了火柴要烧死他。在这种环境中长大的母亲其实性格上是有缺陷的,这也导致了她在教育自己孩子上的粗暴,给作者幼小心灵留下的一道很长很深的伤口疤,久久不能愈合。成年后的作者在组建家庭后,从妻子的眼中看到自己个性上的冲动,不完美,而这些不完美来自于原生家庭,他在不自觉中沿袭着他从小就耳濡目染的家庭作风。家庭的影响是潜移默化的,深远又不容忽视。
4. 这个社会是有阶级之分的,贫富之间有着无法逾越的鸿沟
富人和普通老百姓之间是存在着屏障和沟堑的。书中讲了这样一个例子,我们普通人找工作是上网看招聘广告,递交简历,等待面试等等这样一个过程。但这不是那些富人,高级管理阶层找工作的方式。他们是通过关系,通过network,朋友间的,家族中的,这些长期积累下来的人脉资源,为自己打开一条通道的。作者在书中称之为social capital, 社会资本,一种隐形却很有价值的资本。
富人与贫民百姓的区别不仅仅体现在金钱上,权势上,这种差异还存在于文化上,价值观,人生观,道德观上。作者接触到的一位耶鲁法学院的教授就曾说过,"不应该招收非名校大学毕业的学生"。虽然不知道这样的态度观点是否有代表性,但是它一定代表了一部分人的立场。像作者这样一个州立大学毕业的学生,入学耶鲁法学院,不会如鱼得水,反而会觉得自己是那个文化环境的异类(alien)。在富家子弟云集的耶鲁法学院,他这样一位平民子弟,一个靠奖学金才能读得起书的人显得是那么的格格不入。在作者看来,普通的工薪阶层是很难爬上社会经济的阶梯,即使爬上了也会掉下来,因为其中的差距沟堑太大太难逾越。
5. 谁是导致这群人--白人-红脖子-低收入者贫穷的原凶?
是全球化吗? 移居Ohio州后,很多Kentucky来的山里人很长一段时间在当地大企业Armcos工作, 可后来工厂效益不好,最后被一家日本企业收购合并(如果没有日本企业的收购,Armcos会面临倒闭)。现在很多人把美国经济的不景气归咎于全球化,制造业的外移。如果说当年提倡的open free market错了,要重新去全球化(deglobalization), 把制造业都搬回来,那么他们有没有想过,未来制造业的自动化,机器人AI的广泛使用,这些靠双手吃饭的体力劳动者一样会面临失业,陷入失去经济保障的困境中。
所以,同意作者的观点,认为造成这些人贫穷的主要责任不在政府,在个人自身。是这些人的懒惰,文化上的劣根性导致他们的贫穷,堕落。联想起《山海情》里的画面,同样是山里人,九十年代宁夏山区的贫穷只会比九十年代Appalachia山里人的经济状况有过之无不及。《山海情》里的山里人最终走出了一条致富之路,而一部分Appalachia山里人离开了大山却还在挣扎中。或许你会说,这没有可比性的。那好,那就比一比他们自己的祖先。他们有没有第一代Scots- Irish千里迢迢移民北美,开拓疆土时的那种精神? 他们有没有当年先辈们从东岸直闯西部的勇气? 他们有没有利用社会给他们提供的很多机会,他们自身努力奋斗了吗?
当然,政府、社会和决策人到底应该承担多少责任,是不是像作者这里说的只负一小部分责任呢?现如今,阶级固化的严重性,贫富差距的加大,富人更富穷人更穷,让越来越多底层低收入者看不到希望,他们的悲哀又是真真切切存在的。
作者在书里提到,很多时候山里人就等同于穷人(Jackson taught me that “hill people” and “poor people” usually meant the same thing.)像作者这么成功的人士在他的人群里是少数,大多数山里人,即便走出了大山,依然挣扎在社会边缘。他们没有工作,吸毒成瘾,犯法,孩子辍学在外游荡,未真正成年就是好几个孩子的父母。这些问题的解决非一朝一日,任重而道远。如果说这本传记《山里人的挽歌》是作者对孩提时代大山生活的一种纪念,是献给外祖父外祖母和那个群体的一曲挽歌,那么他自身的故事,经历和成功又何尝不是在传递着一种自强不息的精神,给挣扎中的人们带来挑战命运的信心呢?
最近学唱了一首歌《陪你一起看草原》,附在下面,感谢来听我唱歌的朋友!
书的摘抄:
- It is full of drug addicts and at least one man who can find the time to make eight children but can’t find the time to support them. P35
- They always had one foot in the new life and one foot in the old one.
- Your will make its living with their minds, not their hands.
- You can walk through a town where 30 percent of the young men work fewer than twenty hours a week and find not a single person aware of his own laziness. (p86)
- To them, the American Dream required forward momentum. Manual labor was honorable work, but it was their generation’s work—we had to do something different. To move up was to move on. That required going to college.
- For my entire life, I had oscillated between fear at my worst moments and a sense of safety and stability at my best.
- Working as a cashier turned me into an amateur sociologist. A frenetic stress animated so many of our customers. One of our neighbors would walk in and yell at me for the smallest of transgressions—not smiling at her, or bagging the groceries too heavy one day or too light the next. Some came into the store in a hurry, pacing between aisles, looking frantically for a particular item. But others waded through the aisles deliberately, carefully marking each item off of their list.
- Political scientists have spent millions of words trying to explain how Appalachia and the South went from staunchly Democratic to staunchly Republican in less than a generation. … government was “payin” people who are on welfare today doin’ nothin’! They’re laughin’ at our society! And we’re all hardworkin’ people and we’re getting’ laughed at for workin’ every day! (p204)
- “I can’t understand why people who’ve worked all their lives scrape by while these deadbeats buy liquor and cell phone coverage with our tax money.” (p205)
- The problems of our community hit close to home. Mom’s s struggles weren’t some isolated incident. They were replicated, replayed, and relived by many of the people who, like us, had moved hundreds of miles in search of a better life. There was no end in sight. Mamaw had thought she escaped the poverty of the hills, but the poverty—emotional, if not financial—had followed her. Something had made her later years eerily similar to her earliest ones. (p207)
- As millions migrated north to factory jobs, the communities that sprouted up around those factories were vibrant but fragile: When the factories shut their doors, the people left behind were trapped in towns and cities that could no longer support such large populations with high-quality work. Those who could—generally the well educated, wealthy, or well connected—left, leaving behind communities of poor people. These remaining folks were the “truly disadvantaged”—unable to find good jobs on their own and surrounded by communities that offered little in the way of connections or social support.
- Wilson’s book spoke to me. I wanted to write him a letter and tell him that he had described my home perfectly. That it resonated so personally is odd, however, because he wasn’t writing about the hillbilly transplants from Appalachia—he was writing about black people in the inner cities….. – which addressed the way our government encouraged social decay through the welfare state. (p210)
- It would be years before I learned that no single book, or expert, or field could fully explain the problems of hillbillies in modern America. Our elegy is a sociological one, yes, but it is also about psychology and community and culture and faith. (p210)
- Like my professor who suggested that Yale Law School shouldn’t accept applicants from non-prestigious state schools. There’s no way to quantify how these attitudes affect the working class. We do know that working class Americans aren’t just less likely to climb the economic ladder, they’re also more likely to fall off even after they’ve reached the top. (P297)
- Though we sing the praises of social mobility, it has it downsides. The term necessarily implies a sort of movement—to a theoretically better life, yes, but also away from something. And you can’t always control the parts of your old life from which you drift. (p298)
- At the same time, they’ve shown me that social mobility isn’t just about money and economics; it’s about a lifestyle change. The wealthy and the powerful aren’t just wealthy and powerful; they follow a different set of norms and mores. (p298)