復習地理知識（2）:
復習地理知識（2）:
（A）The structure of the Sun （ 太陽的結構）：
The Sun is a huge ball of hydrogen and helium held together by its own gravity. The Sun has several regions. The interior regions include the core, the radiative zone, and the convection zone. There are also three outer, or atmospheric layers: the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona, there is a transition zone. The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a massive, hot ball of plasma, inflated and heated by energy produced by nuclear fusion reactions at its core. Part of this energy is emitted from its surface as visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation providing most of the energy for life on Earth.
太陽的結構
太陽是一個靠自身引力維系的一個巨大的球體，主要由氫和氦組成。太陽有几個區域。內部區域包括核心，輻射區和對流區。還有三個外层或大氣层：光球层，色球层和日冕，還有一個過渡區。太陽是太陽系中心的恆星。它是一個巨大，熾熱的等離子球，由其核心的核聚變反應產生的能量膨脹和加熱。部分能量以可見光，紫外線和紅外輻射的形式從其表面發射，爲地球上的生命提供大部分能量。
(B) . Solar eclipse （ 日食） :
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, thereby obscuring the view of Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the moon is too far away to completely cover the Sun's disk. A partial solar eclipse, the Moon blocks only part of the Sun's disk. An eclipse is a natural phenomenon.
日食：
當月球經過太陽和地球之間時，就會發生日食，從而遮擋地球一小部分區域的全部或部分太陽視線。當月球距離太陽太遠而無法完全遮蓋太陽表面時，就會發生日環食。日偏食是指月亮只遮擋太陽表面的一部分。日食是一種自然現象。
(C) . Lunar eclipse （ 月食）:
A total lunar eclipse occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are precisely aligned and the Moon passes into the shadow of the Earth. In other words, the Earth is preventing sunlight from reaching the Moon.
月食
當太陽，地球和月亮精確地排列在一起，并且月亮進入地球的陰影時，就會發生月全食。換句話說，地球阻止了太陽光到達月球。
（D）Mountains in the earth （ 地球上的山脉）:
"Mountains about 5 percent of the world's land surface is made up of amazing highland.
（1）New mountains （新的山脉）:
The Himalayas, in Asia, are good example of fold mountains. They are 50 million years old, which is relatively new! Mount Everest in the Himalayas is the highest point on the Earth. "
地球上的山脉：
在地球陸地表面的5%是由令人驚嘆的高地組成的。
(1) 新的山脉：
在亞洲的喜馬拉雅山脉，是褶皺山的典型代表。它們的年齡大約在五千萬年左右，是年輕的山脉。喜馬拉雅山的珠穆朗馬峰在地球上是最高點。
（2）Old mountains （年老的山脉）:
Mountains are made when the Earth's crust is pushed up in big folds or forced up or down in blocks. The 450million-year-old Scottish Highlands used to be craggy like the Himalayas, but wind and rain have worn them down.
古老的山脉
古老的山脉是由于地殼被推高形成巨大的褶皺或被迫以塊狀形式上下移動而形成的。擁有4.5億年歷史的蘇格蘭高地曾經像喜馬拉雅山一樣崎嶇不平，但是風雨已經將其侵蝕殆盡。
(3) Underwater mountains （ 水下的山脉）
Long lines of islands in the oceans are actually the tips of huge mountain ranges that lie underwater. Mauna Kea, on the island of Hawaii, is the world's tallest mountain from the bottom of the sea to the tip.
水下的山脉：
長長的海洋線實際上是位于水下的巨大山脉的頂端。位于夏威夷島上的莫納克亞山是世界上從海底島頂端最高的山峰。
(E) Three major types of rocks on Earth （三種類型的岩石）:
Geologists divide the rocks that make up the Earth's crust into three groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
地質學家把構成地殼的岩石分爲三類 ：火成岩，沉積岩和變質岩。
(1) Igneous rock （火成岩）:
Granite and basalt are typical examples of igneous rock. They start their lives as melted rock, such as underground magma and lava, which comes out of vocanoes. Igneous rock cools down and hardens either beneath the surface or on the surface when it erupts from a volcano. It is rock from deep in the Earth's crust.
火成岩：
花崗岩和玄武岩是火成岩的典型例子。它們最初是熔岩，例如從火山中噴出的地下岩漿和熔岩。當火成岩從火山里噴發時，熔岩會在地下或表面冷卻并硬化。它是來自地殼深處的岩石。
(2) Sedimentary rock （ 沉積岩）
Limestone and sandstone are typical Sedimentary rocks. They are formed from sediment through weathering, erosion, dissolution , transport of particles, biochemical precipitation, and deposition.
沉積岩：
石灰岩和砂岩是典型的沉積岩，是由沉積岩經風化，侵蝕，溶解，顆粒搬運，生物化學沉澱，沉積等作用形成的。
(3) Metamorphic rock （變質岩）
Heat and pressure can make any rock change into another type, called metamorphic rock. Marble is a good example of this rock. It was limestone before it was changed by intense heat. When marble is polished, it produces beautiful swirly pattens.
熱量和壓力可以使任何岩石變成另一種類型，稱爲變質岩。大理石就是這種岩石的一個很好的例子。它是石灰石在強熱作用下變成的大理石。當大理石被磨光時，就會產生出美麗的漩渦圖案。
New Words:
convection: 對流
photosphere: 光球层
chromosphere: 色球层
corona: 日冕，日華，月華
plasma: 等離子體
inflate: 膨脹
fusion: 融合
ultraviolet: 紫外線
infrared: 紅外線的
obscure: 矇矓
annular: 環形
precise: 精確的
align: 對齊
craggy: 崎嶇
igneous: 火成岩
sedimentary: 沉積
metamorphic: 變質的
basalt: 玄武岩
sandstone: 砂岩
limestone: 石灰石
precipitation: 沉澱
swirly: 漩渦狀
今年的四月八日發生了一個很壯觀的日全食天文現象。無論在新聞里，還是在網絡里，以及在文學城和微信里，都看到了人們親自觀看日食的詳細描述以及圖片。全美有上百萬人去觀看日食，真是熱情高漲。相信人們在那一次觀看日食的天文事件中，一定會學到一些天文知識。看過新聞之后，心里很受鼓舞。于是就去網絡里查詢了一下有關日食的介紹。記得很多年前，有一次從家里的窗口向外望去，夜空中映照出了一片的輝光。我就對先生說，也許是一種特殊的天文現象，應該到外面觀察一下。先生在我的熱情影響下，立刻就戴上了帽子和我下樓走到了外面。我們在厚雪上邊走邊看天空，早就忘記了寒冷。后來才發現天空的光亮是來自于一個工廠。于是我們就哈哈笑着回家了。
有些天文知識曾經在40多年前學過，可是已經忘記了很多，加上又換了不同的專業。所以在查詢的時候，一面復習了一下地理知識，一面還會從中學到一些生詞。
願人們的生活更美好，願和平的陽光普照大地。