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明朝和同时期英格兰工人工资比较
List of prices of medieval items
Courtesy of Kenneth Hodges ([email protected])
The list of medieval prices which follows is by no means complete or
thoroughly researched; I merely extracted references from some of the books
I have, and I thought others might like to inspect it. The sources I used
are listed at the end. If an item is listed several times, it is because I
had several references I wished to record.
Money goes as follows:
1 pound (L) = 20 shillings (s)
1 crown = 5 shillings
1 shilling = 12 pence (d)
1 penny = 4 farthings
1 mark = 13s 4d
The French Livre, sou, and denier are equivalent to the pound, shilling and
penny (Latin liber, solidus, and denarius, I believe, which is where the
weird English abbreviations come from).
For ease, I've divided this list into the following sections: tools, horses,
food and livestock, books and education, buildings, cloth and clothing,
armor, weapons, marriage, funerals, travel, miscellaneous goods, and wages.
Of course, a price list is a misleading guide to a feudal economy, because
so many goods were either produced within a household, or supplied by a lord
. Retainers could get money, but they would also get food, lodging, weapons
(sometimes), and cloth. Knights Templar were provided with clothes, horses,
and armor.
Note: Horse prices varied dramatically; for instance, they doubled
between 1210 and 1310. ([3], p. 37).
Related note: around 1380, these are the average costs per day of feeding
people on an estate ([3], p. 65): lord, 7d; esquire, 4d; yeoman, 3d; and
groom, 1d.
* Source says 2s/day. This is not only insanely high, but the text also
claims that the board was the same as at Oxford--i.e., 2s/week or
104s/year.
** A pecia is 16 columns of 62 lines of 32 letters, i.e., 31 744 letters,
or about 7 500 - 8 000 words. Rental period is not specified, but I
would guess a year; books were rented to be copied, and copying the Bible
took 15 months. See [9], p. 172.
note: tithes were often calculated at 1d a week for every 20s of annual
rent paid (4, p. 208).
The following are the estimates of raw materials and labor that went into
the tower of Langeais, a rectangular, tapering stone tower built in 992-
994. The source is [6], pp. 47ff. The dimensions at the base were 17.5
meters by 10 meters; the height was 16m (3 floors); the walls were 1.5m
thick, made of two shells filled with loose rock.
Note: loose tunics take 2.25-2.5 yards. In the late 14th century,
shorter doubled (lined) tunics, known as doublets, became fashionable,
requiring 4 yards ([3], pp 175,176).
Note: mail is chainmail; almost all the rest is plate-armor. The armor of
the knight in 1374 was probably mail with some plates; same for Gloucester's
. Mail was extremely susceptible to rust, and was cleaned by rolling it in
sand and vinegar in a barrel. Pauldrons are shoulder plates; morions are
open helms, burgonets and bascinets closed helms; and a target refers to any
of a number different kind of shields. Armor of proof is tested during the
making with blows or shots from the strongest weapons of the time; if a
weapon is listed, the armor does not claim to be proof against everything,
only that it is proof up to that weapon's strength (eg pistol proof is not
musket proof, but may be sword proof). All plate armor was lined with cloth,
to pad the wearer, quiet the armor, and reduce wear between the pieces.
This, along with the necessary straps, was a significant amount of the
expense. An armorer asking for money to set up shop in 1624 estimated
production costs and profit for a number of different types of armor: I give
two examples below ([5], pp. 189-190).
Note: Sorry, folks, that's all I found. It was mandatory in England for all
freemen to own certain types of weapons and armor. (In 1181 every freeman
having goods worth 10 marks (1 mark = 13s 4d) had to have a mail shirt, a
helmet, and a spear. All other freemen should have helmet, spear, and
gambeson (quilted armor) [4], p. 39.) Later, the government stored arms and
armour in churches for use; in the 13th century anyone with an income of L2-
L5 (wealthy peasants) had to have bows; archery practice became compulsory
on Sundays and holidays. You may know that the extreme range of the longbow
was 400 yards, but did you know that a statute of Henry VIII no one over 24
could practice at a range of less than 220 yards? (See [4], p. 95 and
elsewhere). Note: for guessing prices, see the section on tools (an axe for
5d). An armorer might make 24s a month; say a week to make a decent sword,
and you might get a price that way. See the section on books and education
for fencing instruction.
Note: these costs will be wildly varying depending on circumstance.
Note: Christopher Dyer gives as a rough rule of thumb 1 year's income for
a funeral ([3], p. 85)
Note: [1], pp 126-129, gives the following prices at an inn in 1331. For
one day, 3 men with 4 servants spent: Bread, 4d; beer, 2d; wine 1.25d;
meat, 5.5d; potage, .25d; candles, .25d; fuel, 2d; beds, 2d; fodder for
horses, 10d. The four servants staying alone sleep 2 nights for 1d.
Generally, all 7 spend 2d a night on beds; in London, it is 1d per head.
Note: most of these come from inventories of peasants' belongings. The
fine goods would be more expensive.
Note about lighting: great houses could use 100 lb of wax and tallow in a
single winter night ([3], p. 74). Others, not as rich, would go to sleep
earlier.
Note: sheriffs of London paid 300L per year, hoping to make a profit from
the fines they collected.
Note: 30 adult sheep could produce about 20s of wool per year in 1299
([3], p. 114).
Note: To get a VERY ROUGH sense of money, I reproduce the following chart
from Dyer ([3], p. 206). These are averages of daily wages in pence.
注：茅屋匠的日薪是5-6便士，约合明朝的3钱白银=300文铜钱，同伴的工钱略低，大约
是200文。
苑署杂记：油漆匠三十八工，银二两二钱八分，每天工资60文钱。
List of prices of medieval items
Courtesy of Kenneth Hodges ([email protected])
The list of medieval prices which follows is by no means complete or
thoroughly researched; I merely extracted references from some of the books
I have, and I thought others might like to inspect it. The sources I used
are listed at the end. If an item is listed several times, it is because I
had several references I wished to record.
Money goes as follows:
1 pound (L) = 20 shillings (s)
1 crown = 5 shillings
1 shilling = 12 pence (d)
1 penny = 4 farthings
1 mark = 13s 4d
The French Livre, sou, and denier are equivalent to the pound, shilling and
penny (Latin liber, solidus, and denarius, I believe, which is where the
weird English abbreviations come from).
For ease, I've divided this list into the following sections: tools, horses,
food and livestock, books and education, buildings, cloth and clothing,
armor, weapons, marriage, funerals, travel, miscellaneous goods, and wages.
Of course, a price list is a misleading guide to a feudal economy, because
so many goods were either produced within a household, or supplied by a lord
. Retainers could get money, but they would also get food, lodging, weapons
(sometimes), and cloth. Knights Templar were provided with clothes, horses,
and armor.
Note: Horse prices varied dramatically; for instance, they doubled
between 1210 and 1310. ([3], p. 37).
Related note: around 1380, these are the average costs per day of feeding
people on an estate ([3], p. 65): lord, 7d; esquire, 4d; yeoman, 3d; and
groom, 1d.
* Source says 2s/day. This is not only insanely high, but the text also
claims that the board was the same as at Oxford--i.e., 2s/week or
104s/year.
** A pecia is 16 columns of 62 lines of 32 letters, i.e., 31 744 letters,
or about 7 500 - 8 000 words. Rental period is not specified, but I
would guess a year; books were rented to be copied, and copying the Bible
took 15 months. See [9], p. 172.
note: tithes were often calculated at 1d a week for every 20s of annual
rent paid (4, p. 208).
The following are the estimates of raw materials and labor that went into
the tower of Langeais, a rectangular, tapering stone tower built in 992-
994. The source is [6], pp. 47ff. The dimensions at the base were 17.5
meters by 10 meters; the height was 16m (3 floors); the walls were 1.5m
thick, made of two shells filled with loose rock.
Note: loose tunics take 2.25-2.5 yards. In the late 14th century,
shorter doubled (lined) tunics, known as doublets, became fashionable,
requiring 4 yards ([3], pp 175,176).
Note: mail is chainmail; almost all the rest is plate-armor. The armor of
the knight in 1374 was probably mail with some plates; same for Gloucester's
. Mail was extremely susceptible to rust, and was cleaned by rolling it in
sand and vinegar in a barrel. Pauldrons are shoulder plates; morions are
open helms, burgonets and bascinets closed helms; and a target refers to any
of a number different kind of shields. Armor of proof is tested during the
making with blows or shots from the strongest weapons of the time; if a
weapon is listed, the armor does not claim to be proof against everything,
only that it is proof up to that weapon's strength (eg pistol proof is not
musket proof, but may be sword proof). All plate armor was lined with cloth,
to pad the wearer, quiet the armor, and reduce wear between the pieces.
This, along with the necessary straps, was a significant amount of the
expense. An armorer asking for money to set up shop in 1624 estimated
production costs and profit for a number of different types of armor: I give
two examples below ([5], pp. 189-190).
Note: Sorry, folks, that's all I found. It was mandatory in England for all
freemen to own certain types of weapons and armor. (In 1181 every freeman
having goods worth 10 marks (1 mark = 13s 4d) had to have a mail shirt, a
helmet, and a spear. All other freemen should have helmet, spear, and
gambeson (quilted armor) [4], p. 39.) Later, the government stored arms and
armour in churches for use; in the 13th century anyone with an income of L2-
L5 (wealthy peasants) had to have bows; archery practice became compulsory
on Sundays and holidays. You may know that the extreme range of the longbow
was 400 yards, but did you know that a statute of Henry VIII no one over 24
could practice at a range of less than 220 yards? (See [4], p. 95 and
elsewhere). Note: for guessing prices, see the section on tools (an axe for
5d). An armorer might make 24s a month; say a week to make a decent sword,
and you might get a price that way. See the section on books and education
for fencing instruction.
Note: these costs will be wildly varying depending on circumstance.
Note: Christopher Dyer gives as a rough rule of thumb 1 year's income for
a funeral ([3], p. 85)
Note: [1], pp 126-129, gives the following prices at an inn in 1331. For
one day, 3 men with 4 servants spent: Bread, 4d; beer, 2d; wine 1.25d;
meat, 5.5d; potage, .25d; candles, .25d; fuel, 2d; beds, 2d; fodder for
horses, 10d. The four servants staying alone sleep 2 nights for 1d.
Generally, all 7 spend 2d a night on beds; in London, it is 1d per head.
Note: most of these come from inventories of peasants' belongings. The
fine goods would be more expensive.
Note about lighting: great houses could use 100 lb of wax and tallow in a
single winter night ([3], p. 74). Others, not as rich, would go to sleep
earlier.
Note: sheriffs of London paid 300L per year, hoping to make a profit from
the fines they collected.
Note: 30 adult sheep could produce about 20s of wool per year in 1299
([3], p. 114).
Note: To get a VERY ROUGH sense of money, I reproduce the following chart
from Dyer ([3], p. 206). These are averages of daily wages in pence.
注：茅屋匠的日薪是5-6便士，约合明朝的3钱白银=300文铜钱，同伴的工钱略低，大约
是200文。
苑署杂记：油漆匠三十八工，银二两二钱八分，每天工资60文钱。