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青蒿素的发现被提上诺贝尔奖日程了

青蒿素的发现被提上诺贝尔奖日程了# Biology - 生物学

c*y2012-01-17 08:01

1 楼

娃在gym认识的一个同龄小姑娘，下个周末要在家举行1岁生日party,这个妈妈邀请俺带
娃参加，还让俺带着娃爸。
这是俺和娃第一次受到参加小朋友生日party的邀请。问2个问题啊：
1。通常带多少钱的礼物啊？一般都买啥？我猜玩具总没错吧，那多少钱的可以拿出手
，有不会让主人觉得不合适呢？
2。俺家娃爸不想去，可以不去吧？人家主人发现俺一个人带娃去的，不会觉得俺奇怪
吧？

s*32012-01-17 08:01

2 楼

牡羊座：星星之火可以燎原型冲度指数：100
当然啦！这个星座虽然可以信得过他们的正义感，不过和他们一同过夜的女子得小心他
们的冲动，牡羊座男人冲动起来绝对是很难克制住的，不过如果你真的不想和他们发生
进一步的关系就得严正说明喔！也不要去开玩笑挑逗他们，不然他们的邪恶念头，就像
是燎原之火一般的蔓延。让人担心的是究竟他到底是不是一个负责任的牡羊呢？如果你
要求的是一段稳定的关系，建议你还是多考虑一下。
金牛座：来！给我抱抱型冲度指数：45
金牛座虽然不是个色狼座，比起牡羊座来说也没有那么冲动，这样说来我们就信得过他
们的道貌岸然吗？答案当然是NO！金牛座是属于十二星座中感官与肉欲比较强的星座，
他们一开始会制造浪漫的缠绵，如果你把持不住，就会掉进他们的陷阱，通常他们会以
牵手或接吻作为开始的步骤，循序渐进的一步一步攻占你的心灵与身体，和金牛男子过
夜还是得小心喔！
双子座：零责任意外险型冲动指数：40
女孩和双子座过夜稍稍有点保障，理智的双子很少冲动也很少肉欲，多半他们比较喜欢
和你聊天，多了解你的脑袋中在想些什么，不过人总是会有欲望的，一定要提醒你的是
，万一这男人花言巧语起来要你和他有亲密行为时，你可得想清楚，他们负责任的机会
可是百分之零喔！
巨蟹座：小心月圆型冲动指数：78
巨蟹男人愿意跟您一起过夜时，表示他愿意跟你有更进一步的交往，当然他们并不是那
么的大胆，如果不是月圆之夜兽性大发，通常会很尊重对方的感觉，一旦他们愿意与你
发生亲密关系，表示他们已经非君不娶了。
狮子座：好戏连台型冲动指数：75
和狮子座的男人一起过夜，你或野i以抱著看一整夜电影的心态，他会卖力的表演装疯
卖傻，整晚取悦你这个唯一的观众，当然，他会制造不错的机会跟你有进一步的接触，
如果你不要，可以婉转但肯定的直说。你大可以相信这个做事光明磊落的王者星座，虽
然他很爱面子，不过仍得小心的是他不死心的纠缠。
处女座：柳下惠型冲动指数：10
除非女孩主动示爱，否则闭塞的处女座男人恐怕不容易对你有更进一步的行为，退缩与
保守的个性让他们不太愿意一失足成千古恨，还真是当代柳下惠。一个处女座的男人和
女孩独处，通常不太会出什么状况，会让你受不了的是他那种欲言又止的表情，好几次
将到了嘴边告白的话又吞回去。当然，花心的处女座还是会出现在这个世界上，防人之
心不可无喔！
天秤座：犹豫不决难以启齿型冲动指数：20
和处女座很像的天秤座在这方面同样表现的温吞吞的，他们会与你有同样浪漫的缠绵，
不过再往前要发生更进一步的关系时，多半会表现得犹豫不满，如果你真的愿意和他把
握这个机会，不妨多制造点浪漫的感觉给他，不过仍要提醒你不要太过于主动，如果女
孩在这时表现得太过于热心，反而会把他们给吓跑喔！
天蝎座：爱我就给我型冲动指数：80
深秋出生的天蝎座具有迷人特质，而和这个星座的男人一同过夜很难保证不会发生什么
事。在天蝎座人的眼中性与爱是一体的，如果他们爱你多半都很想要在肉体上拥有你，
如果你不愿意这么早就发生亲密关系，和他们过夜时最好要小心些，不过多半你答应与
他过夜时，就已经落入他们的圈套，这时的你真的就只有自求多福了。
射手座：酷斯拉过境型冲动指数：95
对这个热情奔放的星座来说，性爱的发生往往是一时冲动下的产物，如果女孩没有心理
准备往往会被吓坏，采取时间上的拖延与敷衍或闭O能够将他们的热情冷却下来的方法
，和他们一起过夜除了安全措施要准备好之外，精神上要小心他并没有长久交往的打算
，肉体上要小心这个星座男人兽性大发时留下的吻痕。
摩羯座：机关重重型冲动指数：0.5
沈默寡言的摩羯男人和你过夜，不太容易产生什么激情，除非是你设下重重的陷阱，逼
得他一步一步往你的怀中跳，如果时间气氛都不对，你很有可能听他谈论一个晚上的工
作经、或是最近的政经情势，让你哈欠连连，如果过夜时他表现出希望与你发生关系时
，多半能逃脱的机会不多，老谋深算的他们早已经计算好了一百种向你求爱的方式，没
有把握的事情他是不做的，唯一推托的方式就是徉称自己身体不舒服，这或雪│让他们
知难而退。
水瓶座：自行负责型冲动指数：70
水瓶座的男人性与爱多半可以分开看待，水瓶男子多半不是柏拉图式的精神恋爱主义者
，就是性经验丰富的老手，碰上前者保证你整晚没事，若是后者，当他对你提出亲密的
要求时请你认真考虑，如果你真的要和他发生关系，后果一定是自行负责，可别怪我没
有事先警告你喔！
双鱼座：无法自拔型冲动指数：85
和双鱼男人过夜多半会落入他们的浪漫圈套，擅长于营造浪漫气氛的双鱼座男人，即使
不发生亲密关系也会让你不由自主的沈溺在浪漫的爱情海当中，如果他已经有女友或已
婚，那么你快快清醒吧！他虽然会爱上你，但也很难跟其他人说拜拜的！你要知道，一
尾鱼一生当中有多少次要在脚踏Ｎ条船的边缘游走啊！

x*a2012-01-17 08:01

3 楼

你相信爱能超于生死，超越空间吗？
由帕特里克·斯威兹和黛咪·摩尔联袂主演的《人鬼情未了》，讲述了对生活充
满了热情的银行职员萨姆和未婚妻美莉相爱至深，却在回家的途中遭到歹徒的抢劫甚至
在与歹徒争执的途中中枪身亡，痛不欲生的美莉沉浸在伤心中无法自拔，萨姆却发现自
己竟然以鬼魂的形式游走于世间，他默默的守护在美莉的身旁，却也在无意中得知好友
卡尔竟然和抢劫犯同流合污，他们共同策划了自己死亡。为了得到银行里的巨款，卡尔
开始对美莉展开追求。得知真相的萨姆决定揭开自己的死亡真相，更重要的保护自己的
爱人，通过灵媒奥塔和美莉获取联系，起初美莉并不相信灵媒所说的话，直到灵媒传达
出萨姆在暗中诉说的二人的甜蜜往事。电影的结尾无疑是皆大欢喜的，坏人最终得到惩
处，有情人也正式分别，萨姆飞升天堂。
作为无神论者，自然不会相信鬼神之说，但是，爱，一定是可以超越生死的。逝
去的只是躯体，爱与情在人们的心里挥之不去，这世间唯一可以永恒存在的只有爱，朋
友之间的爱，亲人之间的爱，生命无疑是脆弱的，谁也不会料想到下一秒将会发生什么
，但是，感情却永远不会消逝。十年，二十年，甚至更久，再提起曾经在你生命中给过
你温暖的那个人，你依然清楚地记得他的摸样，爱，无惧于生死，无惧于空间！

p*w2012-01-17 08:01

4 楼

纪录大片：《美好生活》冯正虎回家的故事zz
－－“任何国家都不得拒绝自己的公民返国。”
片长：48分28秒。
光盘照片
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megaupload
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飞速链接：
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米人下载：
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i*g2012-01-17 08:01

5 楼

老外也开始关注青蒿素发现的争议了。
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/health/for-intrigue-malaria-d
The Chinese drug artemisinin has been hailed as one of the greatest advances
in fighting malaria, the scourge of the tropics, since the discovery of
quinine centuries ago.
Luigi Rignanese
Artemisinin’s discovery is being talked about as a candidate for a Nobel
Prize in Medicine. Millions of American taxpayer dollars are spent on it for
Africa every year.
But few people realize that in one of the paradoxes of history, the drug was
discovered thanks to Mao Zedong, who was acting to help the North
Vietnamese in their jungle war against the Americans. Or that it languished
for 30 years thanks to China’s isolation and the indifference of Western
donors, health agencies and drug companies.
Now that story is coming out. But as happens so often in science, versions
vary, and multiple contributors are fighting over the laurels. That became
particularly clear in September, when one of the Lasker Awards — sometimes
called the “American Nobels” — went to a single one of the hundreds of
Chinese scientists once engaged in the development of the drug.
Mao’s role was simple.
In the 1960s, he got an appeal from North Vietnam: Its fighters were dying
because local malaria had become resistant to all known drugs. He ordered
his top scientists to help.
But it wasn’t easy. The Cultural Revolution was reeling out of control, and
intellectuals, including scientists, were being publicly humiliated, forced
to labor on collective farms or even driven to suicide. However, because
the order came from Mao himself and he put the army in charge, the project
was sheltered. Over the next 14 years, 500 scientists from 60 military and
civilian institutes flocked to it.
Meanwhile, thousands of American soldiers in Vietnam were also getting
malaria, and the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research began its own drug
hunt. That effort ultimately produced mefloquine, later sold under the brand
name Lariam.
While powerful, mefloquine has serious drawbacks, including nightmares and
paranoia. In 2003, dozens of American Marines in Liberia got malaria after
refusing to take pills because of military scuttlebutt that several Special
Forces soldiers who killed their wives after returning home from Afghanistan
in 2002 had been driven insane by the drug.
China’s effort formally began at a meeting on May 23, 1967, and was code-
named Project 523, for the date.
Researchers pursued two paths. One group screened 40,000 known chemicals.
The second searched the traditional medicine literature and sent envoys into
rural villages to ask herbal healers for their secret fever cures.
One herb, qinghao, was mentioned on tomb carvings as far back as 168 B.C.
and praised on medical scrolls through the centuries, up to the 1798 Book of
Seasonal Fevers. Rural healers identified qinghao as what the West calls
Artemisia annua, or sweet wormwood, a spiky-leafed weed with yellow flowers.
In the 1950s, officials in parts of rural China had fought malaria outbreaks
with qinghao tea, but investigating it scientifically was new. It also had
at least nine rivals from traditional medicine with some anti-malarial
effects, including a pepper.
In the lab, qinghao extracts killed malaria parasites in mice. Researchers
tried to find exactly which chemical worked, which plants had the most,
whether it could cross the blood-brain barrier to fight cerebral malaria,
and whether it worked in oral, intravenous and suppository forms.
Outmoded equipment slowed research. But by the 1970s it was known that the
lethal chemical, first called qinghaosu and now artemisinin, had a structure
never seen before in nature: In chemical terms, it is a sesquiterpene
lactone with a peroxide bridge. Trials in 2,000 patients showed that it
killed parasites remarkably rapidly.
However, the body eliminated it so fast that any parasites it missed made a
comeback. So scientists began mixing it with slower but more persistent
drugs, creating what is now called artemisinin combination therapy. (One new
combination includes mefloquine.)
A 2006 history of the project by Zhang Jianfang, its former deputy director,
contains some gripping details: petty disputes between rivals, Cultural
Revolution street fighting that forced one laboratory into a basement,
project doctors’ living on brown rice and vegetables as they did clinical
trials in remote villages in China’s tropical southern mountains, and other
doctors’ hiking the Ho Chi Minh Trail with the Vietcong.
Mao died in 1976; Project 523 was officially disbanded in 1981, though
clinical work continued.
In 1979, Dr. Keith Arnold, a malaria researcher in Hong Kong who had helped
the Army develop mefloquine, wangled his way into China, hoping to test his
drug there. He met Dr. Li Guoqiao, who was testing artemisinin variants.
They decided to try head-to-head trials, and the Chinese mystery drug beat
his, Dr. Arnold said.
Soon, World Health Organization scientists asked for articles from China’s
medical journals, the first of which had been published in 1977, in response
to reports that a Yugoslav chemist was experimenting with wormwood.
Enlarge This Image
EARLY CURE An illustration from the 1941 Bulletin of the History of Medicine
depicted the idea that quinine’s source, the cinchona tree, was named for
a countess in Peru
Related
Health Guide: MalariaIn 1982, The Lancet had an article by Chinese
researchers. It won a prize, but the check, in British pounds, could not be
cashed in China.
Shortly thereafter, Dr. Arnold said, Walter Reed scientists found wormwood
growing on the banks of the Potomac and extracted artemisinin. Nonetheless,
the drug languished. The W.H.O. did not endorse it until 2000, and it was
not widely available until 2006.
The reasons for that delay are disputed. China was in political disarray.
Different labs in and outside China were working on derivatives. Patent law
had vanished under communism, and China never took out Western patents, so
there was no way a major drug company could get a monopoly and make big
profits. Malaria was a disease of the poor, and today’s big donor funds did
not exist.
Aid agencies could not buy drugs that were not W.H.O.-approved. For years,
Dr. Arnold said, he tried to get permission for his Chinese collaborators to
do clinical trials in Thailand and Vietnam, but the W.H.O. stalled. (As a
United Nations agency, it is rarely bold, but the 1990s were a decade of
particularly low morale and constant infighting.)
As nearly one million African children a year died, Dr. Arnold denounced its
indecisiveness as “genocidal.”
The American military stuck with mefloquine, despite its expense. As late as
2002, as Doctors Without Borders clamored for artemisinin, an adviser to
the United States Agency for International Development dismissed it in an
interview with The New York Times as “not ready for prime time” and
defended chloroquine and other old, cheap drugs even though resistance to
them was widespread.
A Swiss company, Novartis, finally broke the logjam. It bought a new Chinese
patent on a mix of artemether, an artemisinin derivative, and lumefantrine,
another Chinese drug, and took out Western patents, planning to sell it
under the name Riamet at high prices to tourists and militaries; in 2001, it
agreed to sell it nearly at cost to the W.H.O. under the name Coartem.
The money to buy the drug on a large scale became available with the
creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2002
and the Bush administration’s introduction of the President’s Malaria
Initiative in 2005. Now, about 150 million doses of several combinations are
bought for poor countries each year.
With that victory, surviving Project 523 scientists and some outsiders began
vying for credit. In 1996, a Hong Kong science foundation recognized 10
team leaders. In 2009, Zhou Yiqing got the European Patent Office’s “
Inventors of the Year” award for Coartem.
In September, the $250,000 Lasker Award for clinical medical research was
given to Dr. Tu Youyou, former chief of the Institute of Chinese Materia
Medica in Beijing. The Lasker committee named her “the discoverer of
artemisinin.”
Some Chinese and Western malariologists were outraged.
Dr. Nicholas J. White, a prominent Oxford malaria researcher, said it was “
not fair to credit this discovery to one individual”; he named others he
considered equally deserving, including the clinical trial leader, Dr. Li,
and a chemist, Li Ying.
Dr. Arnold, whose work with Dr. Li was mentioned in the Lasker citation,
agreed. Richard K. Haynes, a malaria researcher and historian at the
University of Science and Technology in Hong Kong, called naming one
inventor “a travesty.”
The Lasker Foundation declined to comment, other than to note that Dr. Tu’s
citation mentioned that Project 523 was a large collaborative effort.
In an interview before the ceremony, Dr. Tu, 81, argued that she deserved it
because her team had been the first to isolate qinghao’s active ingredient
while other teams worked on the wrong plants.
Also, after rereading a manuscript by Ge Hong, a fourth-century healer,
prescribing qinghao steeped in cold water for fever, she realized that
boiling, the typical extraction method, was destroying the active ingredient
. She switched to ether, and qinghao became the first plant extract 100
percent effective at killing malaria in mice.
And before human testing began, Dr. Tu said, she and two colleagues took it
themselves to make sure it was not toxic.
Before the West even heard of the drug, she said, she was one of the four
anonymous authors of the initial 1977 paper, and in 1978, she was chosen to
accept the Chinese government’s overall award to Project 523.
However difficult winnowing the field would prove, the Nobel Prize committee
would be forced to do it anyway. The Nobel rules specify no more than three
winners. And no posthumous prizes, either — meaning Mao would be out of
the question.

z*u2012-01-17 08:01

6 楼

1 $5-10. Usually one or two kid books. Gift wrapped.
2 It is totally fine, but let them know ahead of time in case they need a
heads count for food.

M*s2012-01-17 08:01

7 楼

步步惊心

H*r2012-01-17 08:01

8 楼

有病
有仇
有任务
至少居其一

【在 p*********w 的大作中提到】

: 纪录大片：《美好生活》冯正虎回家的故事zz
: －－“任何国家都不得拒绝自己的公民返国。”
: 片长：48分28秒。
: 光盘照片
: （如果以下某个下载/观看无法打开，最大可能是你被封锁。请换另外一个链接）
: 电驴下载链接：（这个是无法封锁的）
: ed2k://|file|%E7%BE%8E%E5%A5%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB.m4v|509241040|
: 9CD0226D0C9CB834177A849FE0447849|/
: megaupload
: http://www.megaupload.com/?d=JMJGG5HN

j*d2012-01-17 08:01

9 楼

NYT 的记者就是够 2B 阿
NOBEL字眼全文只出现4次，最后一段就出现了两次，还捎带调戏老毛，活腻了。

advances
for

【在 i****g 的大作中提到】

: 老外也开始关注青蒿素发现的争议了。
: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/health/for-intrigue-malaria-d
: The Chinese drug artemisinin has been hailed as one of the greatest advances
: in fighting malaria, the scourge of the tropics, since the discovery of
: quinine centuries ago.
: Luigi Rignanese
: Artemisinin’s discovery is being talked about as a candidate for a Nobel
: Prize in Medicine. Millions of American taxpayer dollars are spent on it for
: Africa every year.
: But few people realize that in one of the paradoxes of history, the drug was

c*y2012-01-17 08:01

10 楼

thanks a lot.

【在 z*******u 的大作中提到】

: 1 $5-10. Usually one or two kid books. Gift wrapped.
: 2 It is totally fine, but let them know ahead of time in case they need a
: heads count for food.

s*32012-01-17 08:01

11 楼

上2张处女座范爷洋气的照片。

【在 s*******3 的大作中提到】

: 牡羊座：星星之火可以燎原型冲度指数：100
: 当然啦！这个星座虽然可以信得过他们的正义感，不过和他们一同过夜的女子得小心他
: 们的冲动，牡羊座男人冲动起来绝对是很难克制住的，不过如果你真的不想和他们发生
: 进一步的关系就得严正说明喔！也不要去开玩笑挑逗他们，不然他们的邪恶念头，就像
: 是燎原之火一般的蔓延。让人担心的是究竟他到底是不是一个负责任的牡羊呢？如果你
: 要求的是一段稳定的关系，建议你还是多考虑一下。
: 金牛座：来！给我抱抱型冲度指数：45
: 金牛座虽然不是个色狼座，比起牡羊座来说也没有那么冲动，这样说来我们就信得过他
: 们的道貌岸然吗？答案当然是NO！金牛座是属于十二星座中感官与肉欲比较强的星座，
: 他们一开始会制造浪漫的缠绵，如果你把持不住，就会掉进他们的陷阱，通常他们会以

l*r2012-01-17 08:01

12 楼

depends on how much you want to spend, 10-20 is fine. toy, books, girl dress
, all ok. It's a good idea to buy a b-day card and let your kid stamp or
sketch some on it, and you write your kid name on it.
it's ok one parent taking one kid. let them know first

M*s2012-01-17 08:01

13 楼

老了，累了，空了，干了。。。她该下了，像周迅似的
二十几岁的，有没有新冒尖的？

【在 s*******3 的大作中提到】

: 上2张处女座范爷洋气的照片。

s*32012-01-17 08:01

14 楼

处女座很能倒腾，年青小屁孩美不过她。

a*e2012-01-17 08:01

15 楼

脸P得妈都快不认识了。不信去看看欧莱雅一张全球代言人的合照，整张照片就看见她
的一张大白脸。

m*22012-01-17 08:01

16 楼

不喜欢扮贵妇型
荼毒多少青少年啊，满街的18/9的非得把自己打扮成28/9，大部分人还都装不像
不过俺只是道听途说，冰山一角的

r*12012-01-17 08:01

17 楼

看来处女男最不危险。

p*t2012-01-17 08:01

18 楼

老跟葫芦兄弟们打来打去的原来就是她

【在 s*******3 的大作中提到】

: 上2张处女座范爷洋气的照片。

p*t2012-01-17 08:01

19 楼

第二张有点像几年前的桥本莉香

【在 s*******3 的大作中提到】

: 处女座很能倒腾，年青小屁孩美不过她。

s*32012-01-17 08:01

20 楼

这个算贵妇吗? 中国的演员就她和章子怡洋气，其他都土的掉渣。

【在 m**2 的大作中提到】

: 不喜欢扮贵妇型
: 荼毒多少青少年啊，满街的18/9的非得把自己打扮成28/9，大部分人还都装不像
: 不过俺只是道听途说，冰山一角的

m*22012-01-17 08:01

21 楼

她算吧
同意土的掉渣。。。
都以为穿上黄袍就天子了

【在 s*******3 的大作中提到】

:
: 这个算贵妇吗? 中国的演员就她和章子怡洋气，其他都土的掉渣。