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转一个2011年的帖子:说到青蒿素和屠呦呦,其实争议挺多呢,我讲讲我了解的,大家补充
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转一个2011年的帖子:说到青蒿素和屠呦呦,其实争议挺多呢,我讲讲我了解的,大家补充# Biology - 生物学
d*u
1
看到有个1000 50,000的offer 值得跳么
美国国内能用上么
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A*3
2
请问哪里可以下载申请NIW推荐信的模板,多谢!
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w*A
3
从国内带来的两个英语学习机,用过的。可查词典,可英汉互译。一个是手动,一个是手触屏,分别卖$40和$60。
全套的英语CD盘9张,从音标到小学,高中,大学到托福雅思,卖100美金。就不需要去
语言学校了,随时随地的学,可屏幕取词。手动的还可以听收音机,双耳机插孔。我在
蒙市,欢迎上门来取,谢谢
email: e********[email protected]
QQ:270345749
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d*a
4
屠呦呦,81岁的老太太了,这几天精神抖擞地飞到美国接受2011年拉斯克临床医学奖去
了。自从屠呦呦发现青蒿素,40年来她一没有成为中国科学院院士,二没有成为中国工
程院院士,大家都替她冤得慌,终于有一个这么重要的国际奖项给她发奖了,真是感动
死人,如果她足够命长的话,以后获诺贝尔奖也是说不准的事情呢。
不过如果她真的获了诺贝尔奖,肯定有一拨人要被气得疯掉。因为到现在为止,学术界
还很多人根本不承认青蒿素是屠呦呦发现的。在网上搜一下就能找到,一个科学网博客
,一个新浪博客,都在没完没了论证这件事。
不过实际上,屠呦呦这名字早就跟青蒿素牢牢焊在一起了,尤其是在拉斯克奖树立的荣
誉面前,再多的争议也只是八卦,也只是为她的故事锦上添花而已。
话说这争议是怎么回事呢……我先从头儿讲吧。中国文革时期科研经费相当低,就是越
战给了青蒿素一个机会,据说中国领导人是应越南请求才举全国之力攻坚疟疾的。那会
儿老科学家基本都被斗倒了,所以项目里净是中青年,屠呦呦作为中医研究院中药研究
所实习研究员加入进去的时候是39岁。
那会儿研究方向之一就是从中药古方里找,在成百上千种中药里,青蒿一直表现不好,
一直就不是首选。后来屠呦呦率先想到是提取方法错了,改用乙醚,结果用乙醚得到的
青蒿提取物抗疟性超强,几乎达到100%。后来屠呦呦把这个方法在1972年全国工作会上
一报告,大家就都知道了。
事情坏就坏在这儿。如果那会儿屠呦呦在大会报告前发表论文的话,就没有后面那么多
纠缠了。可惜当时的环境根本不让发表什么论文,发了也不许署名。所以没辙啊没辙……
找到方法之后就想法儿提纯呗。屠呦呦组里的一个人1972年底率先得到了“青蒿素II”
结晶,另外有云南和山东省药物研究所分别在1973年4月和12月得到“黄蒿素”(云南
)和“黄花蒿素”(山东)。后来1974年鉴定,认为这三种东西都是一个物质,都叫青
蒿素了。
本来,无论按照方法还是纯化,屠呦呦小组都是最早的,如果她在纯化后也能立马发文
章的话,估计也省了日后很多麻烦。但撇开这事不提,屠呦呦最落人把柄的,是她组的
青蒿素II临床试验结果奇差。
云南与山东的青蒿素做临床试验都获得效果好、副作用小的评价,可屠呦呦组的8例临
床试验却在其中5例恶性疟患者身上出现1例反复、2例无效、2例心脏毒性反应的不良结
果,不得不把试验停掉。据此,云南和山东都认为屠呦呦当时所得的青蒿素II其实根本
不是抗疟有效单体,所以真正的青蒿素是由他们首先提纯得到的。
另外,他们还强调为什么他们的产物效果好呢,是因为他们获得青蒿素的方法跟屠呦呦
不一样,所以说他们不是从屠呦呦1972年会议报告受到的启发,所以他们其实是独立想
出来的,跟屠呦呦无关,所以屠呦呦没道理成为青蒿素的唯一发现者。
这种说法成立吗?我实在没有精力去翻看和比对那么多资料,所以也不好说他们到底是
不是有道理,有几成的道理。不过为什么屠呦呦小组最初得到的青蒿粗提物抗疟效果显
著,而进过纯化的提取物临床试验却出奇的糟糕?曾参与当年项目的化学家吴毓林猜想
,原因也许出在原料植物的选择上——中药药材中有两种所谓的青蒿,黄花蒿(
Artemisia annua)和青蒿(Artemisia apiacea),现在知道仅黄花蒿中含有青蒿素,
而且黄花蒿中青蒿素的含量与产地大有关系,中国北方产的黄花蒿中青蒿素含量极低。
因此,也许是屠呦呦组前后采用的药材产地不同,造成了药效的天壤之别。从这个角度
来说,当时屠呦呦其实都没有搞清到底该用哪种植物提取……
说回科研体制。后来屠呦呦他们还是发了论文的,1977年第一篇中文论文,以“青蒿素
协助组”作为集体笔名, 1982年发表英文论文,集体笔名“青蒿素及其衍生抗疟药合
作组”。这种貌似公平、实际上严重不公的署名方法真是为日后的纷争埋下地雷阵了。
另外,对于这么重要的原创新药(中国仅此一例啊),在发表论文前,屠呦呦还应该为
药物化学结构申请专利的。可惜当时中国完全没有专利制度,也没有知识产权的概念,
什么都没有。
说来说去,我是支持青蒿素的发现应该归于屠呦呦的。借用饶毅他们论文里的话:由于
1)屠呦呦提出用乙醚提取,对于发现青蒿的抗疟作用和进一步研究青蒿都很关键;2)
具体分离纯化青蒿素的钟裕容,是屠呦呦研究小组的成员;3)其他提取到青蒿素的小
组是在会议上得知屠呦呦小组发现青蒿粗提物高效抗疟作用以后进行的,获得纯化分子
也晚于钟裕容,所以,青蒿素的发现被归功于屠呦呦。
不过查看资料可知,屠呦呦这个人真的非常不得人心,她性格太差,做的很多事情也非
常霸道无理,活该受到这么多的质疑和反对,有些质疑确实直中要害,比如屠呦呦名为
组长,但在工作中是否是研究小组的PI?她是否霸占组内成员及其他合作者的功劳?是
否故意抹杀竞争对手的成就?饶毅说她还私藏了一批中医研究院当年的原始材料,秘不
示人,让很多事实无据可查……有人说她之所以没有被评为院士,很大程度上就是性格
所累。
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q*o
5
1000?是花$1000得5万点吗?
我觉得不值。

【在 d**********u 的大作中提到】
: 看到有个1000 50,000的offer 值得跳么
: 美国国内能用上么

avatar
M*s
6
以前网上淘到的一个,
College of _____
Department of __________
XXX ____ Avenue, 7th Floor
(city), (State) (zip) (推荐人地址)
August 12, 2007
U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services
Nebraska Service Center
850 “S” Street Lincoln, NE 68508
Re: Dr. ____ ___ (your full name)
Dear Sir/Madam,
I strongly support the National Interest Waiver application for ______ ___,
M.D, Ph.D.. Dr. ___ is an extraordinary young scientist who is making
significant contributions to our understanding of cancer biology and cancer
metastasis and to the design of novel and potent therapy of cancer
metastasis utilizing the exciting gene therapy and immunotherapy approaches
capable of inhibition of angiogenesis and, hence, progressive growth of
metastatic cancer.
1. The Cancer Genomic Center at The xxx Cancer Center
Despite great improvements in diagnosis, surgical techniques, and systemic
therapy, the majority of cancer patients still die of metastases (cancer
spread). The Cancer Genomic Research Center is probably the most
comprehensive research center worldwide. It is dedicated to better
understand the biology of cancer spread leading to the design of new
approaches to therapy. The biomedical research in the Cancer Center includes
basic, transactional, and clinical research. As a Professor and Chairman of
the Department of Molecular Biology and Director of the Cancer Genomic
Research Center, I have worked in this field for approximately 20 years.
Enclosed please find my curriculum vitae documenting my qualifications to
recommend Dr. ________ to you.
2. Qualifications of __________. M.D.
Dr. _____ received the M.D. and Ph.D. degrees from ______ Medical University
. Dr. ____ is a highly intelligent, dedicated, and extraordinarily competent
young scientist. Dr. ____ was a postdoctoral fellow in my laboratory from
February, 2001, through November, 2003, when he received a promotion to the
rank of Research Associate. He is an extraordinarily gifted and dedicated
young scientist. He has played a major role in the design, execution, and
analysis of novel and complex studies of gene therapy against human cancer
and has already made significant contributions to the field. Dr. ____ is the
author of several full-length publications in prestigious journals and
manuscripts submitted for publication or in preparation dealing with the
most exciting new development of a novel therapeutic
3
vaccine against primary cancers and cancer metastases. This unique work will
be published in one of two outstanding journals. I am committed to the
success of Dr. ____'s research career and offered him the position at the
annual salary of $39,000. Dr. ____'s work is of such immense importance that
I gave him a position on my Outstanding Investigator Grant Award from the
National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health.
3. Scientific Contributions of Dr. ______
During the last decade, it has become clear that the progressive growth and
spread (metastasis) of cancer cells to distant organs is dependent on the
induction and maintenance of vascular supply. The generation of new
vasculature (angiogenesis) is influenced by the balance between
proangiogenic and anti angiogenic molecules. Work from my laboratory
demonstrated that the absence of interferon-beta is responsible for robust
angiogenesis associated with cancer. Dr. ____ worked on determining whether
therapy using the interferon-beta gene can be used to suppress angiogenesis
and, hence, inhibit growth of cancers. Among his excellent contributions, I
cite the following:
a. Dr. _____ constructed appropriate viral vectors to carry the interferon
gene and injected these vectors into tumors growing in mice. He discovered
that the mechanism involves the downregulation of the proangiogenic
molecules, basic fibroblast growth factors, and metalloproteinases-2 and -9
(Cancer Research, 2003).
b. Dr. ____ discovered that tumor regression subsequent to introduction of
the interferon gene into primary neoplasms was associated with induction of
systemic immunity and, hence, regression of tumors distant from site of
therapy (Cancer Research, 2003).
c. Dr. _____ used the novel gene therapy against human prostate cancers
growing in the prostate of athymic nude mice with dramatic therapeutic
results (Cancer Research, 2004).
d. Inhibition of blood vessel formation, i.e., angiogenesis, is an exciting
novel method for therapy of cancer. Dr. ____ discovered that the enzyme
elastase expressed in neutrophils (white blood cells) is most important for
the induction of angiogenesis. Because neutrophils can infiltrate into
tumors, they can accelerate the growth of the tumors. Dr. ____ is now
concentrating on finding suitable inhibitors for neutrophil elastase to be
used as a universal inhibitor of angiogenesis and, hence, tumor progression
and metastasis.
e. The most important discovery made by Dr. _____ involved the design of new
and novel vectors to introduce the interleukin-2 gene into tumors.
Specifically, he used tumor cells infected with a lentinovirus engineered to
carry the interleukin-2 gene. This discovery is novel, exciting, and far-
reaching. The
4
single intratumor injection of this unique interleukin-2 construct produced
not only complete regression of actively growing tumors, but also
destruction of distant lung metastases. Dr. ____ identified the therapeutic
mechanism to be immunological in nature. In short, in contrast to a
prophylactic vaccine, Dr. ____'s work in my laboratory succeeded in
producing an effective therapeutic vaccine for cancer (submitted for
publication).
This exciting development has been processed for a patent application, and
the data are submitted for publication. The development of this new vector
for introducing genes into cancer and the induction of therapeutic immune
response constitute the foundation for a new approach to gene therapy of
metastasis, a development which is clearly in the national interest.
4. National Interest
The major cause of death from cancer is due to cancer spread and growth (
metastasis) in organs distant from the primary tumor. Improvements in
therapy will only come from a better understanding of the mechanisms that
regulate cancer metastasis. The work in my laboratory is sponsored by an
Outstanding Investigator Grant (OIG) from the U.S. National Cancer Institute
, National Institutes of Health. Dr. ______'s development of a new and novel
gene therapy-immunotherapy for cancer and especially cancer metastasis
holds tremendous promise of better therapy for this devastating disease.
The importance of this research to the national interest means that it
should be continued by an exemplary young researcher such as Dr. _____. I am
convinced that it is in the best interest of the United States to grant him
permanent residency, thereby assuring continuation of his important
research. I therefore support his National Interest Waiver application with
great enthusiasm.
Sincerely yours,
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S*e
7
是不是要是早明确了屠呦呦是发现青蒿素的,炸药奖早给她了
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w*3
8
20k points from dallas to Orlando or Washington at AA through BA
U have to pay 95$ annual
Up to u
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p*t
9
这下要给个两院院士了吧,不然中国人也太丢脸了。
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B*e
10
院士头衔此刻对她也无所谓了吧。 不75退休吗?

【在 p****t 的大作中提到】
: 这下要给个两院院士了吧,不然中国人也太丢脸了。
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S*e
11

85了还没退休?

【在 p****t 的大作中提到】
: 这下要给个两院院士了吧,不然中国人也太丢脸了。
avatar
a*a
12
他是唯一的一个终身研究员兼首席研究员

【在 S*****e 的大作中提到】
:
: 85了还没退休?

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