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【 以下文字转载自 SanFrancisco 讨论区 】
发信人: StephenKing (金博士), 信区: SanFrancisco
标 题: 为什么亚裔远离了共和党？ (转载)
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Feb 5 23:46:32 2016, 美东)
发信人: StephenKing (金博士), 信区: USANews
标 题: 为什么亚裔远离了共和党？
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Feb 5 23:44:40 2016, 美东)
1992年，只有36%的亚裔投票给民主党
2008年，64%的亚裔投票给民主党
2012年，73%的亚裔投票给民主党
是亚裔吃福利的，比其他族群多吗？
不是。
2009年统计表明，亚裔的收入远高于其他族群。
亚裔的中位家庭收入是65500美元，白人是51900美元，西班牙裔38000美元，黑人32600
美元。
那么，是亚裔无知吗？
在美国，教育程度最高的族裔，是亚裔。
那么，是亚裔犯贱吗？
美国新闻版的极右会大声说，是！然后用各种各样的恶心的污言秽语招呼任何跟他们政
见不同的华人。
我想说，你们赢了。
你们2008年就赢了。
你们2012又赢了。
你们帮助民主党赢了。
2016年，你们还会赢！
下面这篇文章，详尽分析了为什么亚裔越来越远离共和党的原因。不一定全面，但是，
文章提到了金博士永远不会投任何共和党人任何一票的原因！
During the recent No Labels-hosted Problem Solver Convention in New
Hampshire, things got a little uncomfortable.
When Joseph Choe, an Asian American college student, stood up to ask a
question about South Korea, Donald Trump cut him off and wondered aloud: “
Are you from South Korea?”
Choe responded, “I’m not. I was born in Texas, raised in Colorado.” His
answer prompted laughter from the audience, and nothing more than a shrug
from the GOP presidential candidate.
Media outlets like NPR and the Huffington Post mocked this interaction as a
“Where are you from?” moment.
A fellow conference attendee who walked by Choe subsequently joked, “You’
re gonna have to show him your birth certificate, man!”
Although Trump probably did not intend to offend, this interaction likely
reminded Choe and other Asian American voters that being Asian often
translates to being perceived by fellow Americans as a foreigner.
However innocuous Trump’s question may seem, this is exactly the sort of
exchange that could, in part, be pushing Asian Americans – the highest-
income, most-educated, and fastest-growing segment of the United States–
toward the Democratic Party by landslide margins.
A landslide for Obama
In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama won 73 percent of the Asian
American vote. That exceeded his support among traditional Democratic Party
constituencies like Hispanics (71 percent) and women (55 percent).
Republicans should be alarmed by this statistic, as Asians weren’t always
so far out of reach for Republicans.
When we examine presidential exit polls, we see that 74 percent of the Asian
American vote went to the Republican presidential candidate just two
decades ago. The Democratic presidential vote share among Asian Americans
has steadily increased from 36 percent in 1992, to 64 percent in the 2008
election to 73 percent in 2012. Asian Americans were also one of the rare
groups that were more favorable to President Obama in the latter election.
This dramatic change in party preference is stunning. No other group has
shifted so dramatically in its party identification within such a short time
period. Some are calling it the “GOP’s Asian erosion.”
Moreover, Asian Americans as a group have a number of attributes that would
usually predict an affinity for the Republican Party.
American Enterprise Institute’s notes:
“If you’re looking for a natural Republican constituency, Asians should
define ‘natural’ … And yet something has happened to define conservatism
in the minds of Asians as deeply unattractive.”
As shown by Andrew Gelman and his coauthors in their book “Red State, Blue
State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do,” income
is a powerful driver of political party preferences. Generally, richer
voters are more likely to vote Republican.
Asian Americans’ income is, on average, higher than any other ethnic group
in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2009, the
median Asian household had a higher income ($65,469) than the median white
household ($51,863). Median black and Hispanic household incomes were $32,
584 and $38,039, respectively.
So why are Asian Americans leaning left instead of right?
My research with Alexander Kuo and Neil Malhotra offers one explanation. The
feeling of social exclusion stemming from their ethnic background might be
pushing Asian Americans away from the Republican Party.
The hated question
Asian Americans are regularly made to feel like foreigners in their own
country through “innocent” racial microaggressions. Microaggressions are“
everyday insults, indignities and demeaning messages sent to people of color
by well-intentioned white people who are unaware of the hidden messages
being sent.” An example is being asked “Where are you really from?” –
after answering the question “Where are you from?” with a location within
the United States. Another is being complimented on one’s great English-
speaking skills. In both cases, the underlying assumption is that Asian
Americans are outsiders.
According to a 2005 study by Sapna Cheryan and Benoit Monin, Asian Americans
are right to feel excluded. The study shows Asian Americans are seen as
less American than other Americans.
A 2008 study by Thierry Devos and Debbie Ma confirmed this result. The study
found that in the mind of the average American, a white European celebrity
(Kate Winslet) is considered more American than an Asian American celebrity
(Lucy Liu).
But while Asian Americans are perceived as less American by other ethnic
groups, Cheryan and Monin found that Asian Americans are just as likely as
white Americans to self-identify as American and hold patriotic attitudes.
This makes attacks on their identity as Americans hurtful.
The impact of racial microaggressions on exclusionary feelings can be
magnified in political contexts, such as advertisements, political rhetoric,
and policy positions on issues related to Asians like immigration.
How is this politically consequential?
We posit that rhetoric from Republicans insinuating that nonwhite “takers”
are taking away from white “makers,” as well as their strong anti-
immigrant positions, has cultivated a perception that the Republican Party
is less welcoming of minorities. Since the Democratic Party is seen as less
exclusionary, we find that triggering feelings of social exclusion makes
Asian Americans favor Democrats.
We conducted an experiment in which Asian Americans were brought into a
university laboratory. Half were randomly subjected to a seemingly benign
racial microaggression like Trump’s clueless remarks to Choe before being
asked to fill out a political survey. The white assistant was instructed to
tell half of the study participants, “I’m sorry. I forgot that this study
is only for US citizens. Are you a US citizen? I cannot tell.”
Asian Americans who were exposed to this race-based presumption of “not
belonging” were more likely to identify strongly as a Democrat. They were
also more likely to view Republicans generally as close-minded and ignorant,
less likely to represent people like them, and to have more negative
feelings toward them.
Our finding is remarkable given that the racial microaggression was
mentioned only once, and was of the most benign nature. Our experiment
confirms that Asian Americans associate feelings of social exclusion based
on their ethnic background with the Republican Party.
Social exclusion based on race is common
When we examined the 2008 National Asian American Survey (NAAS), a
nationally representative sample of over 5,000 Asian Americans and Pacific
Islanders, we found that self-reported racial discrimination, a proxy for
feelings of social exclusion, was positively correlated with identification
with the Democratic Party over the Republican Party.
Analyzing the NAAS data, we find that racial discrimination is not rare.
Nearly 40 percent of Asian Americans suffered at least one of the following
forms of racial discrimination in their lifetime:
being unfairly denied a job or fired
being unfairly denied a promotion at work
being unfairly treated by the police
being unfairly prevented from renting or buying a home
treated unfairly at a restaurant or other place of service being a victim of
a hate crime.
It is important to note that our findings do not mean that social exclusion
is the only reason why Asian Americans are Democrats. However, they do
provide some insight on why Asian Americans are leaning left today.
Significance of the Asian American vote
Understanding Asian American political behavior has important electoral
ramifications. According to a 2013 US Census report, while Asian Americans
are only 5 percent of the U.S. population and about 4 percent of voters, in
some states they make up a considerably higher proportion of the electorate.
Asian Americans make of 12 percent of likely voters in California. They are
projected to become 9 percent of the overall U.S. population by 2015.
Since 1996, the number of Asian Americans who cast votes has increased by
105 percent, in contrast to a 13 percent increase among white voters.
Additionally, while the lion’s share of Asian American votes are going to
Democratic candidates, according to Zoltan Hajnal and Taeku Lee, the
majority of Asian Americans are not officially affiliated with any party.
That means they’re “gettable” by either party.
So what can the GOP do to win the Asian American vote?
The short answer is, not what they are currently doing.
As long as Republicans appear unwelcoming of minorities, our findings
suggest, they will struggle to get Asian Americans’ electoral support.
Recent rhetoric around immigration reform from leading Republican
presidential candidates goes beyond subtle racial microaggressions. The
current Republican candidates are being explicitly exclusionary. Donald
Trump and Ben Carson are doubling down on anti-immigrant sentiments, stating
sweeping and offensive stereotypes of immigrants.
Jeb Bush, rather than apologizing for the use of the offensive term “anchor
babies,” defended the use of the term by redirecting the conversation away
from Latino immigrants to Asian immigrants.
Our study suggests that the increasing salience of issues like immigration
that implicitly or explicitly offend minority groups coupled with
exclusionary rhetoric from prominent leaders of the Republican Party will
continue to push Asian Americans to the Democratic Party.
发信人: StephenKing (金博士), 信区: SanFrancisco
标 题: 为什么亚裔远离了共和党？ (转载)
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Feb 5 23:46:32 2016, 美东)
发信人: StephenKing (金博士), 信区: USANews
标 题: 为什么亚裔远离了共和党？
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Feb 5 23:44:40 2016, 美东)
1992年，只有36%的亚裔投票给民主党
2008年，64%的亚裔投票给民主党
2012年，73%的亚裔投票给民主党
是亚裔吃福利的，比其他族群多吗？
不是。
2009年统计表明，亚裔的收入远高于其他族群。
亚裔的中位家庭收入是65500美元，白人是51900美元，西班牙裔38000美元，黑人32600
美元。
那么，是亚裔无知吗？
在美国，教育程度最高的族裔，是亚裔。
那么，是亚裔犯贱吗？
美国新闻版的极右会大声说，是！然后用各种各样的恶心的污言秽语招呼任何跟他们政
见不同的华人。
我想说，你们赢了。
你们2008年就赢了。
你们2012又赢了。
你们帮助民主党赢了。
2016年，你们还会赢！
下面这篇文章，详尽分析了为什么亚裔越来越远离共和党的原因。不一定全面，但是，
文章提到了金博士永远不会投任何共和党人任何一票的原因！
During the recent No Labels-hosted Problem Solver Convention in New
Hampshire, things got a little uncomfortable.
When Joseph Choe, an Asian American college student, stood up to ask a
question about South Korea, Donald Trump cut him off and wondered aloud: “
Are you from South Korea?”
Choe responded, “I’m not. I was born in Texas, raised in Colorado.” His
answer prompted laughter from the audience, and nothing more than a shrug
from the GOP presidential candidate.
Media outlets like NPR and the Huffington Post mocked this interaction as a
“Where are you from?” moment.
A fellow conference attendee who walked by Choe subsequently joked, “You’
re gonna have to show him your birth certificate, man!”
Although Trump probably did not intend to offend, this interaction likely
reminded Choe and other Asian American voters that being Asian often
translates to being perceived by fellow Americans as a foreigner.
However innocuous Trump’s question may seem, this is exactly the sort of
exchange that could, in part, be pushing Asian Americans – the highest-
income, most-educated, and fastest-growing segment of the United States–
toward the Democratic Party by landslide margins.
A landslide for Obama
In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama won 73 percent of the Asian
American vote. That exceeded his support among traditional Democratic Party
constituencies like Hispanics (71 percent) and women (55 percent).
Republicans should be alarmed by this statistic, as Asians weren’t always
so far out of reach for Republicans.
When we examine presidential exit polls, we see that 74 percent of the Asian
American vote went to the Republican presidential candidate just two
decades ago. The Democratic presidential vote share among Asian Americans
has steadily increased from 36 percent in 1992, to 64 percent in the 2008
election to 73 percent in 2012. Asian Americans were also one of the rare
groups that were more favorable to President Obama in the latter election.
This dramatic change in party preference is stunning. No other group has
shifted so dramatically in its party identification within such a short time
period. Some are calling it the “GOP’s Asian erosion.”
Moreover, Asian Americans as a group have a number of attributes that would
usually predict an affinity for the Republican Party.
American Enterprise Institute’s notes:
“If you’re looking for a natural Republican constituency, Asians should
define ‘natural’ … And yet something has happened to define conservatism
in the minds of Asians as deeply unattractive.”
As shown by Andrew Gelman and his coauthors in their book “Red State, Blue
State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do,” income
is a powerful driver of political party preferences. Generally, richer
voters are more likely to vote Republican.
Asian Americans’ income is, on average, higher than any other ethnic group
in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2009, the
median Asian household had a higher income ($65,469) than the median white
household ($51,863). Median black and Hispanic household incomes were $32,
584 and $38,039, respectively.
So why are Asian Americans leaning left instead of right?
My research with Alexander Kuo and Neil Malhotra offers one explanation. The
feeling of social exclusion stemming from their ethnic background might be
pushing Asian Americans away from the Republican Party.
The hated question
Asian Americans are regularly made to feel like foreigners in their own
country through “innocent” racial microaggressions. Microaggressions are“
everyday insults, indignities and demeaning messages sent to people of color
by well-intentioned white people who are unaware of the hidden messages
being sent.” An example is being asked “Where are you really from?” –
after answering the question “Where are you from?” with a location within
the United States. Another is being complimented on one’s great English-
speaking skills. In both cases, the underlying assumption is that Asian
Americans are outsiders.
According to a 2005 study by Sapna Cheryan and Benoit Monin, Asian Americans
are right to feel excluded. The study shows Asian Americans are seen as
less American than other Americans.
A 2008 study by Thierry Devos and Debbie Ma confirmed this result. The study
found that in the mind of the average American, a white European celebrity
(Kate Winslet) is considered more American than an Asian American celebrity
(Lucy Liu).
But while Asian Americans are perceived as less American by other ethnic
groups, Cheryan and Monin found that Asian Americans are just as likely as
white Americans to self-identify as American and hold patriotic attitudes.
This makes attacks on their identity as Americans hurtful.
The impact of racial microaggressions on exclusionary feelings can be
magnified in political contexts, such as advertisements, political rhetoric,
and policy positions on issues related to Asians like immigration.
How is this politically consequential?
We posit that rhetoric from Republicans insinuating that nonwhite “takers”
are taking away from white “makers,” as well as their strong anti-
immigrant positions, has cultivated a perception that the Republican Party
is less welcoming of minorities. Since the Democratic Party is seen as less
exclusionary, we find that triggering feelings of social exclusion makes
Asian Americans favor Democrats.
We conducted an experiment in which Asian Americans were brought into a
university laboratory. Half were randomly subjected to a seemingly benign
racial microaggression like Trump’s clueless remarks to Choe before being
asked to fill out a political survey. The white assistant was instructed to
tell half of the study participants, “I’m sorry. I forgot that this study
is only for US citizens. Are you a US citizen? I cannot tell.”
Asian Americans who were exposed to this race-based presumption of “not
belonging” were more likely to identify strongly as a Democrat. They were
also more likely to view Republicans generally as close-minded and ignorant,
less likely to represent people like them, and to have more negative
feelings toward them.
Our finding is remarkable given that the racial microaggression was
mentioned only once, and was of the most benign nature. Our experiment
confirms that Asian Americans associate feelings of social exclusion based
on their ethnic background with the Republican Party.
Social exclusion based on race is common
When we examined the 2008 National Asian American Survey (NAAS), a
nationally representative sample of over 5,000 Asian Americans and Pacific
Islanders, we found that self-reported racial discrimination, a proxy for
feelings of social exclusion, was positively correlated with identification
with the Democratic Party over the Republican Party.
Analyzing the NAAS data, we find that racial discrimination is not rare.
Nearly 40 percent of Asian Americans suffered at least one of the following
forms of racial discrimination in their lifetime:
being unfairly denied a job or fired
being unfairly denied a promotion at work
being unfairly treated by the police
being unfairly prevented from renting or buying a home
treated unfairly at a restaurant or other place of service being a victim of
a hate crime.
It is important to note that our findings do not mean that social exclusion
is the only reason why Asian Americans are Democrats. However, they do
provide some insight on why Asian Americans are leaning left today.
Significance of the Asian American vote
Understanding Asian American political behavior has important electoral
ramifications. According to a 2013 US Census report, while Asian Americans
are only 5 percent of the U.S. population and about 4 percent of voters, in
some states they make up a considerably higher proportion of the electorate.
Asian Americans make of 12 percent of likely voters in California. They are
projected to become 9 percent of the overall U.S. population by 2015.
Since 1996, the number of Asian Americans who cast votes has increased by
105 percent, in contrast to a 13 percent increase among white voters.
Additionally, while the lion’s share of Asian American votes are going to
Democratic candidates, according to Zoltan Hajnal and Taeku Lee, the
majority of Asian Americans are not officially affiliated with any party.
That means they’re “gettable” by either party.
So what can the GOP do to win the Asian American vote?
The short answer is, not what they are currently doing.
As long as Republicans appear unwelcoming of minorities, our findings
suggest, they will struggle to get Asian Americans’ electoral support.
Recent rhetoric around immigration reform from leading Republican
presidential candidates goes beyond subtle racial microaggressions. The
current Republican candidates are being explicitly exclusionary. Donald
Trump and Ben Carson are doubling down on anti-immigrant sentiments, stating
sweeping and offensive stereotypes of immigrants.
Jeb Bush, rather than apologizing for the use of the offensive term “anchor
babies,” defended the use of the term by redirecting the conversation away
from Latino immigrants to Asian immigrants.
Our study suggests that the increasing salience of issues like immigration
that implicitly or explicitly offend minority groups coupled with
exclusionary rhetoric from prominent leaders of the Republican Party will
continue to push Asian Americans to the Democratic Party.
