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A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and
descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, clan members may be organized
around a founding member or apical ancestor. The kinship-based bonds may be
symbolical, whereby the clan shares a "stipulated" common ancestor that is a
symbol of the clan's unity. When this "ancestor" is non-human, it is
referred to as a totem, which is frequently an animal. Clans can be most
easily described as tribes or sub-groups of tribes. The word clan is derived
from clann meaning children or progeny but not family in the Irish language
[1][2] and Scottish Gaelic languages. According to the Oxford English
Dictionary, the word was introduced into English around the year 1425 as a
label for the tribal nature of the Scottish Highlands society.[3] Clans in
indigenous societies are likely to be exogamous, meaning that their members
cannot marry one another. Clans preceded more centralized forms of community
organization and government; they are located in every country. Members may
identify with a coat of arms or other symbol to show they are an
independent clan.
A tribe is viewed, historically or developmentally, as a social group
existing before the development of, or outside of, states. A tribe is a
distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are
largely self-sufficient, and not integrated into the national society. It is
perhaps the term most readily understood and used by the general public.
Stephen Corry, director of Survival International, the world's only
organisation dedicated to indigenous rights, has defined tribal people as "
those which have followed ways of life for many generations that are largely
self-sufficient, and are clearly different from the mainstream and dominant
society".[1] This definition, however, would not apply in countries in the
Middle East such as Iraq, where the entire population is a member of one
tribe or another and therefore tribalism itself is dominant and mainstream.
