【 以下文字转载自 Parenting 讨论区 】
发信人: whiteclouds (/ 参考消息 /), 信区: Parenting
标 题: Fever medicines 'given to children too readily'
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Mar 1 06:08:50 2011, 美东)
Fever medicines 'given to children too readily'
Health News, The Telegraph, Feb 28.
Parents should not dose up children who have a simple fever on regular
spoonfuls of paracetamol and ibuprofen, according to doctors who say that
doing so could put them at risk.
A misplaced "fever phobia" in society means parents too frequently use both
medicines to bring down even quite slight temperatures, say the
paediatricians, who warn that children often receive accidental overdoses as
a result.
A high temperature is usually the body's way of fighting an infection,
according to advice issued today by the American Academy of Pediatrics, so
to bring it down could actually lengthen the time a child suffers.
Doctors too readily advise parents to give the medicines, known collectively
as "antipyretics", according to the Academy.
The advice comes after a study indicated that children given paracetemol
before 15 months were more than twice as likely to develop asthma by the age
of six as those not given it.
Writing in a clinical report on fever and the use of paracetamol and
ibuprofen in children, the authors warn: "Combination therapy with
acetaminophen [paracetamol] and ibuprofen may place infants and children at
increased risk because of dosing errors and adverse outcomes, and these
potential risks must be carefully considered."
Doctors, they write, should begin "by helping parents understand that fever,
in and of itself, is not known to endanger a generally healthy child".
They explain: "It should be emphasized that fever is not an illness but is,
in fact, a physiologic mechanism that has beneficial effects in fighting
infection."
It slows the spread of bacteria and viruses, enhances white blood cell
production, and "actually helps the body recover more quickly from viral
infections".
Despite this, they say: "Many parents administer antipyretics even though
there is either minimal or no fever."
Half consider it to be a fever even if their child's temperature is not
higher than 38C (101.4F), they report.
Many doctors are happy to advise parents to give paracetamol and ibuprofen
alternately - known as combination therapy - believing side effects are very
rare and minimal.
But the Academy warns: "Unfortunately as many as one-half of parents
administer incorrect doses."
A frequent error is giving children adult-sized doses, while children who
are small for their age can also receive doses that are too high even if
their parents follow box instructions based on age alone.
In Britain, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (Nice)
advises that the use of anti-pyretics "should be considered in children
with fever who appear distressed or unwell".
However, they "should not routinely to used with the sole aim of reducing
body temperature in children with fever who are otherwise well".
Similarly, "paracetamol and ibuprofen should not routinely be given
alternately to children with a fever", although it states this approach "may
be considered if the child does not repsond to the first agent."
The guidance also states: "The views and wishes of parents and carers should
be taken into consideration.".
Children's paracetamol solutions like Calpol and ibuprofen solutions like
Nurofen for Chilren are sold over the counter in chemists. Recommended
dosage quantities vary by age.
There are different strength solutions for different ages, meaning it is
possible for parents with different aged children to mix up which they are
giving.
According to the British National Formulary, which GPs consult when
prescribing or advising on medication, children should receive no more than
four doses of the right amount of paracetamol in a 24-hour period, and no
more than four doses of ibuprofen.
Both medications have potential side effects, notes the Academy.
Paracetamol has been linked to asthma, although "causality has not been
demonstrated", while there have been reports of ibuprofen causing stomach
ulcers and bleeding, and leading to kidney problems.
Children who are dehydrated, have heart problems and existing kidney
problems are "at the greatest risk of ibuprofen-related renal toxicity",
they write.
"Questions remain regarding the safety" of combination therapy, say the
authors, led by Dr Janice Sullivan of the University of Louisville Pediatric
Pharmacology Research Unit and Dr Henry Farrar of the University of
Arkansas.
"The possibility that parents will either not receive or not understand
dosing instructions, combined with the wide array of formulations that
contain these drugs, increases the potential for inaccurate dosing or
overdosing," they caution.
"Finally, this practice may only promote the fever phobia that already
exists."
Rather than focusing on temperature alone, doctors should advise parents to
look out for signs of serious illness, make sure their child is drinking
enough, and "advocate a limited number" of doses of medication.
Dr Clare Gerada, chairman of the Royal College of GPs, said the two
medications should be used "only to help a child be comfortable, and not to
chase down a temperature."
However, she said: "I don't think we over-prescribe anti-pyretics and I don'
t think parents give them too readily."
She added: "I think they have their place. The younger the child the more
cautious you have to be."
She did not think that giving ibuprofen and paracetamol together was more
likely to lead to increased dosing errors, saying: "In my experience of 20
years as a GP, parents are usually pretty careful."
"I think the most important thing to be worried about is keeping medicines
out of the reach of children, because some of them taste quite nice."
They could also give "a false sense of security" in depressing a high
temperature with a more serious underlying cause than a mild infection, she
said.
