法律翻译 | 佛罗里达州证据法典（中）

译者 | 黎琦  西南政法大学硕士

一审 | 程子珊 USC LL.M.

二审 | 晏世伟 PKU LL.B.

编辑 | 陈思琦 广东外语外贸大学本科

         邵娅绮 浙江工商大学本科

责编 | 王有蓉 中国政法大学硕士

The 2022 Florida Statutes (including 2022 Special Session A and 2023 Special Session B)

TITLE VII EVIDENCE

CHAPTER 90 EVIDENCE CODE

*本篇为《佛罗里达州证据法典》中篇，上篇请阅读：法律翻译 | 佛罗里达州证据法典（上）

90.206 Instructing jury on judicial notice.—The court may instruct the jury during the trial to accept as a fact a matter judicially noticed.

90.206 指示陪审团进行司法认知。法庭可在审讯期间指示陪审团承认司法认知事项为事实。

90.207 Judicial notice by trial court

in subsequent proceedings.—The failure or refusal of a court to take judicial notice of a matter does not preclude a court from taking judicial notice of the matter in subsequent proceedings, in accordance with the procedure specified in ss. 90.201-90.206.

90.207 初审法庭在后续程序中予以司法认知。根据第90.201至90.206条的程序规定，法庭未能或拒绝对某一事项予以司法认知的，不妨碍其在后续程序中对该事项予以司法认知。

90.301 Presumption defined; inferences—

90.301 推定的定义；推论。

(1) For the purposes of this chapter, a presumption is an assumption of fact which the law makes from the existence of another fact or group of facts found or otherwise established.

(1)就本章而言，推定是指根据其他已经认定或确定的一个或一组事实由法律拟定的一种事实假设。

(2) Except for presumptions that are conclusive under the law from which they arise, a presumption is rebuttable.

(2) 推定可以被反驳，为法律所规定的结论性的推定除外。

(3) Nothing in this chapter shall prevent the drawing of an inference that is appropriate.

(3) 本章的任何规定都不得妨碍得出适当的推论

(4) Sections 90.301-90.304 are applicable only in civil actions or proceedings.

(4)  第90.301至90.304条的规定只适用于民事诉讼或程序。

90.302 Classification of rebuttable 

presumptions.—Every rebuttable presumption is either:

90.302  可反驳的推定分类。可反驳的推定是指：

(1) A presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence and requiring the trier of fact to assume the existence of the presumed fact, unless credible evidence sufficient to sustain a finding of the nonexistence of the presumed fact is introduced, in which event, the existence or nonexistence of the presumed fact shall be determined from the evidence without regard to the presumption; or

(1) 影响举证责任的推定，且要求事实认定者假设推定的事实成立，除非提出足以认定推定的事实不成立的可信证据，在此情形下，证据应当作为推定事实成立与否的唯一依据；或者是

(2) A presumption affecting the burden of proof that imposes upon the party against whom it operates the burden of proof concerning the nonexistence of the presumed fact.

(2) 影响证明责任的推定，要求所针对的当事人对推定的事实不成立承担证明责任。

90.303 Presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence defined.—In a civil action or proceeding, unless otherwise provided by statute, a presumption established primarily to facilitate the determination of the particular action in which the presumption is applied, rather than to implement public policy, is a presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence.

90.303  影响举证责任的推定。在民事诉讼或程序中，除非另有规定，影响举证责任的推定是指主要便于对适用推定的特定诉讼进行裁决而确立的推定，而不是执行公共政策。

90.304 Presumption affecting the burden of proof defined.—In civil actions, all rebuttable presumptions which are not defined in s. 90.303 are presumptions affecting the burden of proof.

90.304  影响证明责任的推定。在民事诉讼中，影响证明责任的推定是指第90.303条规定以外的所有可反驳的推定。

90.401 Definition of relevant evidence.—Relevant evidence is evidence tending to prove or disprove a material fact.

90.401  关联证据的定义。关联证据是指用于证明或反驳重要事实的证据。

90.402 Admissibility of relevant evidence.—All relevant evidence is admissible, except as provided by law.

90.402  关联证据的可采性。所有关联证据均可采纳，法律另有规定的除外。

90.4025 Admissibility of paternity determination in certain criminal prosecutions.—If a person less than 18 years of age gives birth to a child and the paternity of that child is established under chapter 742, such evidence of paternity is admissible in a criminal prosecution under ss. 794.011, 794.05, 800.04, and 827.04(3).

90.4025  特定刑事案件中亲子鉴定的可采性。未成年人生子且根据第742章规定确定了父亲身份的，根据第794.011、第794.05、第800.04和第827.04(3)条的规定，确定该父亲身份的证据在刑事案件中可以采纳。

（图片来源于网络）

90.4026 Statements expressing sympathy; admissibility; definitions—

90.4026  表达同情的声明；可采性；定义。

(1)  As used in this section:

(1)  本节使用的术语：

(a) “Accident” means an occurrence resulting in injury or death to one or more persons which is not the result of willful action by a party.

(b) “Benevolent gestures” means actions that convey a sense of compassion or commiseration emanating from human impulses.

(c) “Family” means the spouse, parent, grandparent, stepmother, stepfather, child, grandchild, brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister, adopted child of parent, or spouse’s parent of an injured party.

(a）“意外事故”是指非人为引起的一人或多人受伤或死亡的事件。

(b）“善行”是指表达源自人性冲动的同情或怜悯的行为。

(c）“亲属”是指配偶、父母、祖父母、继母、继父、子女、孙子女、兄弟、姐妹、同父异母或同母异父的兄弟、同父异母或同母异父的姐妹、养子女或受害方配偶的父母。

(2) The portion of statements, writings, or benevolent gestures expressing sympathy or a general sense of benevolence relating to the pain, suffering, or death of a person involved in an accident and made to that person or to the family of that person shall be inadmissible as evidence in a civil action. A statement of fault, however, which is part of, or in addition to, any of the above shall be admissible pursuant to this section.

(2）在民事诉讼中，声明、文字或表达同情的善行，或者与意外事故中他人及其家人承受的疼痛、痛苦或死亡相关的一般意义上的善意不可采纳为证据。根据本节规定，上述任何或其他的过错声明除外。

90.403 Exclusion on grounds of prejudice or confusion.—Relevant evidence is inadmissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues, misleading the jury, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. This section shall not be construed to mean that evidence of the existence of available third-party benefits is inadmissible.

90.403  基于偏见或混淆的排除。不公正的偏见、问题混淆、误导陪审团或不必要提出补充证据的风险明显盖过关联证据的证明价值的，该关联证据不可采纳。存在可获得的第三方利益证据除外。

90.404 Character evidence; when admissible—

90.404  品格证据；可采纳的情形。

(1) CHARACTER EVIDENCE GENERALLY.—Evidence of a person’s character or a trait of character is inadmissible to prove action in conformity with it on a particular occasion, except:

(1) 一般品格证据。人的品格证据或品格特征不能用以证明该人在特定场合的行为与其品格一致，除非是：

(a) Character of accused.—Evidence of a pertinent trait of character offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the trait.

(a）被告的品格。被告提出的有关品格特征的证据，或者控方提出的反驳该特征的证据。

(b) Character of victim.—

1. Except as provided in s. 794.022, evidence of a pertinent trait of character of the victim of the crime offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut the trait; or

2. Evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the victim offered by the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the victim was the aggressor.

(b）受害人的品格。

1.被告提出的案件受害人有关品格特征的证据，或者控方提出的反驳该特征的证据。第794.022条规定的除外；或者是

2.控方在杀人案中为反驳受害人性格粗暴的证据而提出的有关受害人性格温和的证据。

(c) Character of witness.—Evidence of the character of a witness, as provided in ss. 90.608-90.610.

(c）证人的品格。第90.608至90.610条规定的关于证人品格的证据。

(2) OTHER CRIMES, WRONGS, OR ACTS. 

(2）其他罪行、过错或行为。

(a) Similar fact evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is admissible when relevant to prove a material fact in issue, including, but not limited to, proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, but it is inadmissible when the evidence is relevant solely to prove bad character or propensity

(a）其他罪行、过错或行为中涉及证明重要事实的相似事实证据可以采纳，包括但不限于证明动机、时机、意图、预备、计划、认知、身份或不存在过失或意外事故的证据，但如果上述相似事实证据只涉及证明不良品格或习性的，则不可采纳。

(b) 1.In a criminal case in which the defendant is charged with a crime involving child molestation, evidence of the defendant’s commission of other crimes, wrongs, or acts of child molestation is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.

(b）1.在刑事案件中，被告受指控犯性骚扰儿童相关罪行的，被告在其他性骚扰儿童相关罪行、过错或行为中的犯罪证据可以采纳，对与之相关的任何事项的影响可以一并考虑。

2.For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “child molestation” means conduct proscribed by s. 787.025(2)(c), s. 787.06(3)(g), former s. 787.06(3)(h), s. 794.011, excluding s. 794.011(10), s. 794.05, former s. 796.03, former s. 796.035, s. 800.04, s. 827.071, s. 847.0135(5), s. 847.0145, or s. 985.701(1) when committed against a person 16 years of age or younger.

2. 就本段而言，术语“性骚扰儿童”是指被告犯第787.025(2)(c)，第787.06(3)(g)，前述第787.06(3)(h)，第794.011条规定的行为，第794.011(10)，第 794.05，前述第796.03, 前述第796.035,第800.04,第827.071，第847.0135(5)，第847.0145或者第985.701(1)条规定的行为适用于已满16周岁的被告。

(c) 1.In a criminal case in which the defendant is charged with a sexual offense, evidence of the defendant’s commission of other crimes, wrongs, or acts involving a sexual offense is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant.

(c）1. 在刑事案件中，被告受指控犯涉及性侵儿童相关罪行的，被告在其他性侵儿童相关罪行、过错或行为中的犯罪证据可以采纳，对与之相关的任何事项的影响可以一并考虑。

2. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term “sexual offense” means conduct proscribed by s. 787.025(2)(c), s. 787.06(3)(b), (d), (f), or (g), former s. 787.06(3)(h), s. 794.011, excluding s. 794.011(10), s. 794.05, former s. 796.03, former s. 796.035, s. 825.1025(2)(b), s. 827.071, s. 847.0135(5), s. 847.0145, or s. 985.701(1).

2.  就本段而言，术语“性侵”是指第787.025(2)(c)，第787.06(3)(b)，(d)， (f)，或(g)，前述第787.06(3)(h)和第794.011条规定的行为，不包含第794.011(10)，第794.05，前述第 796.03，前述第796.035， 第825.1025(2)(b)，第827.071，第 847.0135(5)，第847.0145或第 985.701(1)条规定的行为。

(d) 1.When the state in a criminal action intends to offer evidence of other criminal offenses under paragraph (a), paragraph (b), or paragraph (c), no fewer than 10 days before trial, the state shall furnish to the defendant or to the defendant’s counsel a written statement of the acts or offenses it intends to offer, describing them with the particularity required of an indictment or information. No notice is required for evidence of offenses used for impeachment or on rebuttal

(d）1. 如果政府旨在提供第(a)、(b)或(c)段下的其他刑事犯罪的证据，则应在开庭前至少10日向被告或其律师提供一份准备提出的行为或罪名的书面声明，就判决书或起诉书所要求的行为和罪名予以详细说明，但用于弹劾或反驳的犯罪证据除外。

2.When the evidence is admitted, the court shall, if requested, charge the jury on the limited purpose for which the evidence is received and is to be considered. After the close of the evidence, the jury shall be instructed on the limited purpose for which the evidence was received and that the defendant cannot be convicted for a charge not included in the indictment or information.

2.证据获采纳的，根据当事人请求，法庭应当要求陪审团持审慎的目的接受及评估所采纳的证据。证据提供完毕后，陪审团应按照建议持审慎的目的接受证据，并确保被告不能受到裁决书或起诉书以外的指控。

(3)Nothing in this section affects the admissibility of evidence under s. 90.610.

(3)第90.610条规定的证据的可采性不受本节限制。

（图片来源于网络）

90.405 Methods of proving character.—

90.405  品格证明方式。

(1）REPUTATION.—When evidence of the character of a person or of a trait of that person’s character is admissible, proof may be made by testimony about that person’s reputation.

(1）名声。如果人的品格或品格特征证据可以采纳，则与人的名声相关的证词可以用于证明品格或品格特征。

(2)SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF CONDUCT.—When character or a trait of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or defense, proof may be made of specific instances of that person’s conduct.

(2）具体行为实例。如果人的品格或品格特征是控告、索赔或辩护的一个基本要素，具体行为实例可以用于证明品格或品格特征。

90.406 Routine practice.—Evidence of the routine practice of an organization, whether corroborated or not and regardless of the presence of eyewitnesses, is admissible to prove that the conduct of the organization on a particular occasion was in conformity with the routine practice.

90.406  惯常做法。某一机构的惯常做法，不论其是否被证实或是否存在目击者，可以作为证明该机构在特定场合下的行为与其惯常做法一致的证据。

90.407 Subsequent remedial measures.—Evidence of measures taken after an injury or harm caused by an event, which measures if taken before the event would have made injury or harm less likely to occur, is not admissible to prove negligence, the existence of a product defect, or culpable conduct in connection with the event. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of subsequent remedial measures when offered for another purpose, such as proving ownership, control, or the feasibility of precautionary measures, if controverted, or impeachment.

90.407   后续补救措施。事件发生前能较大程度避免引起伤害或损害的措施，而在伤害或损害发生后采取的，不得作为证明与事件有关的疏忽、产品缺陷的存在或应受惩罚的行为的证据。本规则无需排除出于证明所有权、支配权或预防措施的可行性（如果有争议或怀疑）等其他目的而提出后续补救措施的证据。

90.408 Compromise and offers to compromise.—Evidence of an offer to compromise a claim which was disputed as to validity or amount, as well as any relevant conduct or statements made in negotiations concerning a compromise, is inadmissible to prove liability or absence of liability for the claim or its value.

90.408  和解及和解提议。索赔的效力或数额有争议的，就索赔进行和解的提议，及和解谈判中作出的任何相关行为或声明，均不得作为证明对索赔或其价值承担责任或不承担责任的证据。

90.409 Payment of medical and similar expenses.—Evidence of furnishing, or offering or promising to pay, medical or hospital expenses or other damages occasioned by an injury or accident is inadmissible to prove liability for the injury or accident.

90.409  医疗及类似费用的支付。提供、给予或承诺支付医疗费或住院费，或其他因伤害或事故产生的损害赔偿费，不得作为证明伤害或事故责任的证据。

90.410 Offer to plead guilty; nolo contendere; withdrawn pleas of guilty.—Evidence of a plea of guilty, later withdrawn; a plea of nolo contendere; or an offer to plead guilty or nolo contendere to the crime charged or any other crime is inadmissible in any civil or criminal proceeding. Evidence of statements made in connection with any of the pleas or offers is inadmissible, except when such statements are offered in a prosecution under chapter 837.

90.410 提出认罪；不抗辩也不认罪；撤回认罪。认罪后又撤回认罪的证据；不抗辩也不认罪的答辩；或者在任何民事或刑事诉讼程序中对所指控的或其他任何罪行提出认罪或不抗辩也不认罪的证据不可采纳。与作出任何认罪或提出认罪相关声明的证据亦不可采纳，第837章规定在诉讼中作出此类陈述的除外。

90.501 Privileges recognized only as provided.—Except as otherwise provided by this chapter, any other statute, or the Constitution of the United States or of the State of Florida, no person in a legal proceeding has a privilege to:

90.501  特权法定原则。除非本章、任何其他成文法或美国宪法或佛罗里达州宪法另有规定，任何人在诉讼程序中都不得：

(1) Refuse to be a witness.

(2) Refuse to disclose any matter.

(3) Refuse to produce any object or writing.

(4) Prevent another from being a witness, from disclosing any matter, or from producing any object or writing.

(1）拒绝作证。

(2）拒绝披露任何事项。

(3）拒绝提供任何实物或书面资料。

(4）阻止他人作证，或阻止披露任何事项或提供任何实物或书面资料。

90.5015 Journalist’s privilege.—

90.5015  记者的特权。

(1) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section, the term:

(1）定义。就本节而言，术语：

(a) “Professional journalist” means a person regularly engaged in collecting, photographing, recording, writing, editing, reporting, or publishing news, for gain or livelihood, who obtained the information sought while working as a salaried employee of, or independent contractor for, a newspaper, news journal, news agency, press association, wire service, radio or television station, network, or news magazine. Book authors and others who are not professional journalists, as defined in this paragraph, are not included in the provisions of this section.

(a）“专业记者”是指为获利或谋生，通常从事采集、拍摄、记录、撰写、编辑、报道或出版新闻的人，作为报社、新闻杂志社、新闻机构、新闻社、通讯社、电台或电视台、广播网或新闻期刊的授薪职员工作，或以独立撰稿人的身份为上述机构服务获取消息。“专业记者”不包含本节定义之外的书刊作者及其他人。

(b) “News” means information of public concern relating to local, statewide, national, or worldwide issues or events.

(b）“新闻”是指与本地的、遍及全州的、国内或世界范围内的议题或事件相关的公众关注的消息。

（图片来源于网络）

(2) PRIVILEGE.—A professional journalist has a qualified privilege not to be a witness concerning, and not to disclose the information, including the identity of any source, that the professional journalist has obtained while actively gathering news. This privilege applies only to information or eyewitness observations obtained within the normal scope of employment and does not apply to physical evidence, eyewitness observations, or visual or audio recording of crimes. A party seeking to overcome this privilege must make a clear and specific showing that:

(2) 特权。专业记者享有拒绝作证的特权和拒绝披露其在积极采集新闻的过程中获取的消息及消息来源的特权。本特权仅适用于记者在正常从业范围内获取的消息或亲眼观察的结果，不适用于犯罪活动留下的物证、亲眼观察的结果或视觉或听觉记录。一方要推翻上述特权，必须清晰且具体的证明：

(a)The information is relevant and material to unresolved issues that have been raised in the proceeding for which the information is sought;

(a) 消息在诉讼过程中必须查明，对亟待解决的事宜非常重要且与之有关联性；

(b)The information cannot be obtained from alternative sources; and

(b) 消息来源具有唯一性；并且

(c)A compelling interest exists for requiring disclosure of the information.

(c)存在需要披露消息的现实利益。

(3)DISCLOSURE.—A court shall order disclosure pursuant to subsection(2) only of that portion of the information for which the showing under subsection (2) has been made and shall support such order with clear and specific findings made after a hearing.

(3)披露。根据第（2）小节规定，如果推翻特权的条件成立，则法庭应命令“专业记者”对其持有的消息予以披露，并在审讯后作出明确且具体的裁决以支持该命令。

(4)WAIVER.—A professional journalist does not waive the privilege by publishing or broadcasting information.

(4)弃权。专业记者发布或传播消息不视为放弃特权。

(5) CONSTRUCTION.—This section must not be construed to limit any privilege or right provided to a professional journalist under law.

(5）解释。法律授予专业记者的任何特权或权利不受本节规定的限制。

(6)AUTHENTICATION.—Photographs, diagrams, video recordings, audio recordings, computer records, or other business records maintained, disclosed, provided, or produced by a professional journalist, or by the employer or principal of a professional journalist, may be authenticated for admission in evidence upon a showing, by affidavit of the professional journalist, or other individual with personal knowledge, that the photograph, diagram, video recording, audio recording, computer record, or other business record is a true and accurate copy of the original, and that the copy truly and accurately reflects the observations and facts contained therein.

(6) 鉴定。专业记者或其雇主或负责人持有、披露、提供或制作的照片、电报、录音记录、视频记录、计算机记录或其他商业记录可以通过鉴定作为证据采纳，通过专业记者或其他有个人才能的人出具宣誓书，证明上述照片、电报、录音记录、视频记录、计算机记录或其他商业记录是真实且准确的副本，真实且准确的反映其中所包含的观察结果和事实。

(7) ACCURACY OF EVIDENCE.—If the

 affidavit of authenticity and accuracy, or other relevant factual circumstance, causes the court to have clear and convincing doubts as to the authenticity or accuracy of the proffered evidence, the court may decline to admit such evidence.

(7) 证据的准确性。如果真实且准确的宣誓书或其他相关实际情况导致法庭对所提出证据的真实性或准确性产生明确且令人信服的怀疑，则法庭可拒绝采纳此证据。

(8)SEVERABILITY.—If any provision of this section or its application to any particular person or circumstance is held invalid, that provision or its application is severable and does not affect the validity of other provisions or applications of this section.

(8) 可分割性。如果本节的任何规定或对于任何特定的人或情形的适用被认定无效，则相关的规定及适用具有可分割性，不影响本节其他规定的效力和适用。

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http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0000-0099/0090/0090ContentsIndex.html&StatuteYear=2022&Title=%2D%3E2022%2D%3EChapter%2090