美国芯片“护栏”正式发布：限制受补贴者投资中国

美国商务部周五发布最终规则，阻止中国和其他被认为构成美国国家安全担忧的国家使用半导体制造补贴。

该法规是拜登政府开始为半导体生产提供 390 亿美元补贴之前的最后障碍。具有里程碑意义的“芯片与科学”法为美国半导体生产、研究和劳动力发展提供了 527 亿美元。

该法规于三月份首次提出，设置了“护栏”，限制美国资金的接受者在中国和俄罗斯等受关注的国家投资扩大半导体制造，并限制激励资金的接受者与美国进行联合研究或技术许可工作以及值得关注的外国实体。

2022 年 10 月，美国商务部发布了新的出口管制措施，切断中国对某些由美国设备制造的半导体芯片的供应，以减缓北京的技术进步。

美国商务部长吉娜·雷蒙多周二对国会表示：“我们必须绝对保持警惕，不要让中国领先于我们。”

如果资金接受者违反限制，商务部可以收回联邦奖项。

雷蒙多告诉国会，她正在尽快让奖项获得批准。

“我感受到了压力，”雷蒙多说。“我们落后了，但更重要的是我们要把事情做好。如果我们再花一个月或几周的时间才能做好，我会捍卫这一点，因为这是必要的。”

该规定禁止资金接受者在 10 年内大幅扩大在相关国家的半导体制造能力。它还限制接收者与相关外国实体进行一些联合研究或技术许可工作，但允许采用国际标准、专利许可以及利用制造和封装服务。

最终规定在10年内禁止在国外关注的尖端和先进设施上大幅扩张半导体制造能力。它还澄清晶圆生产包含在半导体制造中。

最终规则将扩大半导体制造能力与增加洁净室或其他物理空间联系起来，将材料扩张定义为产能增加超过 5%。

该规则禁止接收者增加新的洁净室空间或生产线，从而导致设施产能扩大超过 10%。

该规则还将一些半导体列为对国家安全至关重要的半导体，引发更严格的限制，包括辐射密集环境中的量子计算当前一代和成熟节点芯片以及其他专门的能力。

The U.S. Department of Commerce today released the final rule implementing the national security guardrails of the bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act. The rule elaborates on two core provisions of the statute: the first, prohibiting CHIPS funds recipients from expanding material semiconductor manufacturing capacity in foreign countries of concern for ten years; and the second, restricting recipients from certain joint research or technology licensing efforts with foreign entities of concern.

The rule will help ensure CHIPS investments enhance global supply chain resilience in coordination with allies and partners. The CHIPS and Science Act is part of President Biden’s Investing in America agenda for unleashing a manufacturing and innovation boom, driving U.S. competitiveness, and strengthening economic and national security.

This final rule follows careful consideration of comments submitted in response to the proposed rule, which was published in March 2023. The Department reviewed and incorporated suggestions from stakeholders, including representatives of the domestic and foreign semiconductor industry, academia, labor organizations, trade associations, and others in developing this rule. The rule offers details and definitions on national security measures applicable to the CHIPS Incentives Program, including limiting funding recipients from expanding semiconductor manufacturing in foreign countries of concern.

“One of the Biden-Harris Administration’s top priorities – made possible by the CHIPS and Science Act – is to expand the technological leadership of the U.S. and our allies and partners. These guardrails will protect our national security and help the United States stay ahead for decades to come,” said Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo. “CHIPS for America is fundamentally a national security initiative and these guardrails will help ensure companies receiving U.S. Government funds do not undermine our national security as we continue to coordinate with our allies and partners to strengthen global supply chains and enhance our collective security.”     

The bipartisan CHIPS and Science Act included clear guardrails to strengthen national security. The statute:

Prohibits recipients of CHIPS incentives funds from using the funds to construct, modify, or improve a semiconductor facility outside of the United States;

Restricts recipients of CHIPS incentives funds from investing in most semiconductor manufacturing in foreign countries of concern for 10 years after the date of award; and,

Limits recipients of CHIPS incentives funds from engaging in certain joint research or technology licensing efforts with a foreign entity of concern that relates to a technology or product that raises national security concerns. 

If these guardrails are violated, the Department can claw back the entire federal financial assistance award.

Today’s final rule provides details on and definitions for these national security guardrails. In particular, the rule:

Establishes Standards to Restrict Expansion of Advanced Facilities in Foreign Countries of Concern: The statute prohibits the material expansion of semiconductor manufacturing capacity for leading-edge and advanced facilities in foreign countries of concern for 10 years from the date of award. In addition to front-end and back-end processes, the rule clarifies that wafer production is included within the definition of semiconductor manufacturing. The final rule ties expanded semiconductor manufacturing capacity to the addition of cleanroom or other physical space and defines material expansion as increasing a facility’s production capacity by more than five percent. This threshold is intended to capture even modest transactions to expand manufacturing capacity but allows funding recipients to maintain their existing facilities through normal course-of-business equipment upgrades and efficiency improvements.

Limits the Expansion of Legacy Facilities in Foreign Countries of Concern: The statute places limits on the expansion and new construction of legacy facilities in foreign countries of concern. The rule provides details regarding this restriction, prohibiting recipients from adding new cleanroom space or production lines that result in expanding a facility’s production capacity beyond 10 percent. The rule establishes a notification process for recipients that have plans to expand legacy chip facilities so the Department can confirm compliance with the national security guardrails.

Classifies Semiconductors as Critical to National Security: While the statute allows companies to expand production of legacy chips in foreign countries of concern in limited circumstances, today’s rule classifies a list of semiconductors as critical to national security, thereby subjecting them to tighter restrictions. This designation covers chips that have unique properties that are critical to U.S. national security needs, including current-generation and mature-node chips used for quantum computing, in radiation-intensive environments, and for other specialized military capabilities. This list of semiconductor chips was developed in consultation with the Department of Defense and U.S. Intelligence Community.

Details Restrictions on Joint Research and Technology Licensing Efforts with Foreign Entities of Concern: The statute restricts covered entities from engaging in joint research or technology licensing with a foreign entity of concern that relates to a technology or product that raises national security concerns. Foreign entities of concern include those owned or controlled by foreign countries of concern, those on the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) Entity List and Treasury Department’s Chinese Military-Industrial Complex Companies (NS-CMIC) list, and others as outlined in the statute. This restriction does not apply to several types of engagements which are necessary to existing operations and do not threaten national security, such as activities related to international standards, involving patent licensing, and to enable funding recipients to utilize foundry and packaging services.

International Coordination with U.S Partners and Allies

The Department appreciates the extensive input and cooperation from U.S. partners and allies while developing this rule. The Department will continue coordinating with international allies and partners to support a healthy global semiconductor ecosystem that drives innovation and is resilient to cybersecurity threats, natural disasters, pandemics, geopolitical conflict, and more. As semiconductors and technologies continue to evolve, the United States will work with allies and partners and develop coordinated strategies to protect our collective economic and national security.

As the Department has been implementing the CHIPS and Science Act, it has remained in close contact with U.S. partners and allies, including through engagements with the Republic of Korea, Japan, India, and the United Kingdom, and through the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework, European Union-United States Trade and Technology Council, and North American Semiconductor Conference. The Department will continue coordinating closely with U.S. partners and allies to advance these shared goals, advance our collective security, and strengthen global supply chains.

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