【 以下文字转载自 Dreamer 讨论区 】
发信人: Dreamer (不要问我从哪里来), 信区: Dreamer
标 题: 昨晚又闹失眠。终于治愈了哈哈。
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Feb 3 16:32:43 2012, 美东)
把这段话反复看了7。8 遍，酣然入睡。一觉到天明。哈哈。
Aristotle shared Plato's view of multiple souls, (ψυχή psychí) and
further elaborated a hierarchical arrangement, corresponding to the
distinctive functions of plants, animals and people: a nutritive soul of
growth and metabolism, that all three share, a perceptive soul of pain,
pleasure and desire, that only animals and people share, and the faculty of
reason, that is unique to people only. In this view, a soul is the
hylomorphic form of a viable organism, wherein each level of the hierarchy
formally supervenes upon the substance of the preceding level. Thus, for
Aristotle, all three souls perish when the living organism dies.[3][4] For
Plato however, the soul was not dependent on the physical body, he believed
in metempsychosis, the migration of the soul to a new physical body.[5]
Dualism is closely associated with the philosophy of René Descartes (1641),
which holds that the mind is a nonphysical substance. Descartes clearly
identified the mind with consciousness and self-awareness and distinguished
this from the brain as the seat of intelligence.[6] Hence, he was the first
to formulate the mind–body problem in the form in which it exists today.[7]
Dualism is contrasted with various kinds of monism, including phenomenalism
. Substance dualism is contrasted with all forms of materialism, but
property dualism may be considered a form of emergent materialism or non-
reductive physicalism in some sense. This article discusses the various
forms of dualism and the arguments which have been made both for and against
this thesis.
