In Rice, More Comprehensive DNA Re-analysis - 未名空间MITBBS历史存档

国际科技财经博客移民网络热点娱乐民生时事公众号

Redian新闻

>未名空间

>Biology - 生物学

In Rice, More Comprehensive DNA Re-analysis

In Rice, More Comprehensive DNA Re-analysis# Biology - 生物学

e*g2011-05-03 07:05

1 楼

吗？
我也搞个标题党。
NSF最近一批的review应该完了吧？去panel的人应该都开完会了吧。看板上有不少消
息出来，
最近经常去刷fastlane，看看有啥状态变化。
有谁也这样了？

h*e2011-05-03 07:05

2 楼

多谢。

C*r2011-05-03 07:05

3 楼

斯皮伯格的几部“名片”其实基本就是政治主旋律片拍得好一点，对有深度的故事处理
，远不及科恩兄弟。斯皮伯格其实比库布瑞克也差十万八千里，现在要拍拿破仑，库布
瑞克大概在棺材里要翻身了。

s*w2011-05-03 07:05

4 楼

我去control panel -> user accounts 把用户名改了，但windows explorer里还是显示
c:usersmyOldUserName
:(

c*i2011-05-03 07:05

5 楼

supports archaeology, that a single-origin domestication 8 to 9,000 years
years ago at Yangtze Valley (of China) and spread to India, rather than the
competing proposition that Ganges in India independently accomplished the
feat.
研究显示:中国是驯化水稻的原产地. VOA Chinese, May 3, 2011.
http://www.voanews.com/chinese/news
/international/20110503-RICE-ORIGIN-121155584.html
, which cites
Molina J et al, . Proceeding of National Academy Science (PNAS), published
online before print May 2, 2011, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1104686108
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/04/27/1104686108.full.pd
+html?sid=fe692533-da9d-4b0d-ba80-41da5d3a5c20
The thesis of the PNAS is in Discussion:
"If we use an estimate for nucleotide substitution rates in the grasses (40)
, we find a divergence time between O. rufipogon and O. sativa at ∼8,
200 y ago and between tropical japonica and indica at ∼3,900 y ago. If
we apply the molecular clock rate estimated from the chromosome scan data (
SI Text), we obtain an earlier mean date of domestication for rice (13,500 y
B.P.). The former molecular estimates are in remarkable agreement with
archaeological estimates for the onset of rice domestication in the Yangtze
Valley (∼8,000–9,000 y ago) and the expansion of indica rice in South
Asia (∼4,000 y ago) (3, 28), and even the latter date still falls
within the upper boundary of archaeological dating estimates of
rice phytoliths collected from the lower Yangtze (4).
My comment:
(a) I am in a university library whose libraries subscribe to PNAS. Thus I
can read full text online. General public like you will be able to read
only abstract. But that is enough if you continue to read my comments.
(b) wild rice: Oryza rufipogon
(i) California Department of Food and Agriculture.
http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/pe/AgCommID/page58.htm
(ii) close-up. Federal Noxious Weed Disseminules of the U.S.
http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/FNWE2/key/FNW_Grasses
/Media/Html/fact_sheets/Oryza_rufipogon.htm
(iii) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_rufipogon
(c) Oryza sativa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa
(has the smallest cereal genome consisting of just 430Mb across 12
chromosomes; Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short
grained japonica or sinica variety, and the non-sticky, long-grained indica
variety. Japonica are usually cultivated in dry fields, in temperate East
Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia and high elevations in South Asia,
while indica are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout
tropical Asia)
* We can appreciate the different sizes of indica and japonica in photo 2 of
The Basics. Rice Diversity, undated.
http://www.ricediversity.org/thebasics/
* There are more varieties within indica and japonica.
Rice Types. TomThai, June 4, 2008.
http://www.tomthai.com/Foods/E5F46CF9
-F804-46CC-99A5-61F5A46E0822.html
Akita komachi rice 秋田(県) こまち米
koshihikari 越光
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshihikari
(d) Rice: Recommended Readings. Economic Research Servie (ERS), US
Department of Agriculture (USDA).
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rice/readings.htm
What are important to the understanding of the PNAS article is (1) and (2)
below, both of which indicates China, as well as US, grows indica AND
japonica. (The (3) and (4) may be helpful in generalities, from which I
extract the critical points. There are no need to read (1) to (4) on your
own
.)
(1) Nathan Childs and Amy Burdett, The U.S. Rice Export Market. ERS, USDA,
Feb 9, 2001.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rice
/SpecialArticle/USricemarket.pdf
The sidebar in page 49 (or web page 2), titled "The Global Rice Market Is
Stratified by Type and Quality," stated:
"There are four types of rice traded globally: indica, japonica, aromatic,
and glutinous. Indica rice is the dominant type of rice traded worldwide,
accounting for almost 80 percent of global trade. Indica rice cooks dry,
separate, and fluffy. It is grown mostly in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
U.S. southern long and medium grain rices are considered indica. Japonica
rice, which cooks moist and sticky, accounts for more than 10 percent of
global trade and is typically grown in temperate climates. Japonica rice has
a more rounded grain than indica. California medium grain rice is a
japonica.
"Aromatic rices, primarily Thai jasmine and basmati from India and Pakistan,
account for almost 10 percent of global trade and sell at a premium to
indica and japonica. Aromatic rices are also called fragrant rices. And
finally, glutinous rice (or sweet rice), grown mostly in Southeast Asia,
accounts for almost all of the remainder. Glutinous rices lose almost all of
their shape during cooking and
are typically used in ceremonial dishes and in pastes. Like aromatic rices,
they sell at a premium to indica and japonica. The bulk of glutinous rice is
grown in Southeast Asia. The United States grows a very small amount of
glutinous rice, mostly in California.
"Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States, and Pakistan are the primary
exporters of indica rice.
Argentina, Uruguay, Guyana, Burma, and Surinam export smaller amounts of
indica as well. Australia, Egypt, China, the EU and the United States are
the primary exporters of japonica rice. Thailand, India, and Pakistan export
the bulk of the aromatic rices, with the United States exporting a very
small amount. Thailand accounts for most of the glutinous rice traded. In
addition, the United States exports a very small amount of glutinous rice,
grown mostly in California, to Japan.
(2) James Hansen, Frank Fuller, Frederick Gale, Frederick Crook, Eric Wailes
and Michelle Moore, China's Japonica Rice Market: Growth and
Competitiveness. ERS, USDA, Mar 20, 2003.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rice
/SpecialArticle/RCS2002ChinaJaponicaRice.pdf
Quote from page 32/web page 2:
"In China, japonica rice was traditionally grown and consumed primarily in
the northern provinces, while
indica rice was dominant in the south. In 2000, indica rice accounted for
about 60 percent of China’s total rice production of 188 million tons (
rough rice) and japonica rice about 29 percent, the remaining 11 percent is
glutinous rice and some indigenous rice varieties (Crook et al.). Each year,
China produces an early, a single, and a late indica crop; a single and
late japonica crop in the Yangzi River valley; and a single japonica crop in
the north. China is the largest riceproducing country in the world,
accounting for a third or more of global production.
"Japonica rice area in China has expanded for the past two decades, growing
from 11 percent of total rice area in 1980 to 29 percent by 2000 (Crook et
al.). The largest expansion of japonica rice plantings has occurred in the
three northeastern provinces, with growth averaging more than 5 percent a
year during the 1990s, an increase totaling more than a million hectares.
Most of the growth occurred in Heilongjiang province, where japonica rice
was the most profitable crop during the 1990s. In the lower Yangzi River
valley provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, producers have substituted
indica with japonica rice.
(3) Katherine Baldwin and Nathan Child, 2009/10 Rice Year Book. ERS, USDA,
December 2010.
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current
/RCS-yearbook/RCS-yearbook-01-05-2011.pdf
(i) Figure 6 "These 6 countries account for more than 85 percent of global
rice exports": Thailand Vietnam > Pakistan > US > India > China
China's export has decreased each year in the period 2008-2010 to ~0.6
million tons (milled basis).
(ii) "These two States [Arkansas and Louisiana] produce almost all the
Southern medium/short-grain crop. California growers, who produce more than
two-thirds of the U.S. medium/
short-grain crop." page 9
(iii) In 2009 US grew long-grain rice in almost 2.5m acres and medium-short
grain in almost 1m acres. Figure 9
(iv) The six rice producing states in US: Arkansas > California > Louisiana
> Mississippi > Misouri > Texas Figure 11
(v) "In 2009/10, the U.S. imported 19.0 million cwt of rice * * * Thailand
supplied most of the U.S. rice imports classifi ed by the Census Bureau as
medium/short-grain. Nearly all of the medium/short-grain shipments from
Thailand were specialty rices. " page 14
* For cwt, see hundredweight
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight
(or centum weight (abbreviated cwt); Its British definition is not the same
as that used in North America; In U.S. customary units, a (short)
hundredweight is defined as 100 lb, which is equal to 45.359237 kg)
(vi) In 2009/10, US exported 550,000 tons (product-weight basis) to
Northeast Asia, Figure 20, which is made up of "three Northeast Asian buyers
—Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan."
(4) Nathan Childs and Janet Livezey, Rice Backgrounder. ERS, USDA, January
2006.
http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications
/RCS/Dec06/RCS200601/RCS200601.pdf
(i) "The average farm size for rice [almost 400 acres in 2002] is
substantially larger than for most
other field crops" Figure 1
(ii) "Arkansas accounts for almost half of U.S. rice planted acreage" Figure
3
(iii) "Classes and Types of Rice
In the United States, rice is referred to by length of grain: long, medium,
and short. Long-grain rice, grown almost exclusively in the South, accounts
for more than 70 percent of U.S. production. Medium-grain, grown both in
California and the South, accounts for more than one-fourth of total U.S.
production and forms most of California’s rice crop. California grows more
than two-thirds of the U.S. medium-grain
crop. Arkansas accounts for most of the southern medium-grain production.
Short-grain rice accounts for 1-2 percent of total U.S. rice production and
is grown almost exclusively in California. U.S. long-grain
varieties typically cook dry and separate, while U.S. medium/short-grain
varieties are typically moist and clingy." sidebar in page 9
(iv) "More Than Half of the U.S. Rice Crop Is
Marketed Domestically" page 5
"Beer use accounts for about 15 percent of total domestic disappearance"
page 6
(v) "Northeast Asia Is the Largest Market for U.S. Medium/Short-Grain
Exports." page 8
(vi) "Rice and cotton have the highest per acre operating costs among
major field crops" Figure 10

s*e2011-05-03 07:05

6 楼

我5分钟刷一次。

【在 e****g 的大作中提到】

: 吗？
: 我也搞个标题党。
: NSF最近一批的review应该完了吧？去panel的人应该都开完会了吧。看板上有不少消
: 息出来，
: 最近经常去刷fastlane，看看有啥状态变化。
: 有谁也这样了？

c*l2011-05-03 07:05

7 楼

http://getdm.sinaapp.com/getCode.php

t*g2011-05-03 07:05

8 楼

不觉得你的第一句结论很中肯.可能你光想到近几部作品.
Jaw? 第三类接触? ET? 侏罗纪公园? 印第安纳琼斯系列?
我觉得他近期的作品偏历史片.可能拍历史片能很好地把假的拍成真的比较有挑战性.
比如大兵瑞恩,就让我觉得是战争片里的一个经典.

【在 C*******r 的大作中提到】

: 斯皮伯格的几部“名片”其实基本就是政治主旋律片拍得好一点，对有深度的故事处理
: ，远不及科恩兄弟。斯皮伯格其实比库布瑞克也差十万八千里，现在要拍拿破仑，库布
: 瑞克大概在棺材里要翻身了。

L*s2011-05-03 07:05

9 楼

有变化了？

【在 s**********e 的大作中提到】

: 我5分钟刷一次。

D*y2011-05-03 07:05

10 楼

http://www.iflychina.net/code

【在 h***e 的大作中提到】

: 多谢。

L*h2011-05-03 07:05

11 楼

中港台人民对“史匹柏大导演”有特殊感情，基本就是好莱坞大牌名导的代名词
台湾人民非常津津乐道李安两次拿奖都是“爆冷”击败史匹柏，好像就应该史匹柏拿奖
似的
中国刚引进大片的时候就有阿甘正传和大兵瑞恩，中国群众能知道名字的美国导演，估
计是只有他跟james cameron

【在 C*******r 的大作中提到】

b*d2011-05-03 07:05

12 楼

有戏!

【在 s**********e 的大作中提到】

: 我5分钟刷一次。

t*o2011-05-03 07:05

13 楼

斯皮导的片子里娱乐片比较好。大兵开始的抢滩是我最喜欢的段子之一。

【在 t******g 的大作中提到】

: 不觉得你的第一句结论很中肯.可能你光想到近几部作品.
: Jaw? 第三类接触? ET? 侏罗纪公园? 印第安纳琼斯系列?
: 我觉得他近期的作品偏历史片.可能拍历史片能很好地把假的拍成真的比较有挑战性.
: 比如大兵瑞恩,就让我觉得是战争片里的一个经典.

d*a2011-05-03 07:05

14 楼

谁写一个script吧，自动登录，自动进入相关页面，检测到状态改变后，自动发电邮通
知本人。

【在 s**********e 的大作中提到】

: 我5分钟刷一次。

n*42011-05-03 07:05

15 楼

forrest gump was directed by robert zemeckis

【在 L*********h 的大作中提到】

:
: 中港台人民对“史匹柏大导演”有特殊感情，基本就是好莱坞大牌名导的代名词
: 台湾人民非常津津乐道李安两次拿奖都是“爆冷”击败史匹柏，好像就应该史匹柏拿奖
: 似的
: 中国刚引进大片的时候就有阿甘正传和大兵瑞恩，中国群众能知道名字的美国导演，估
: 计是只有他跟james cameron

f*h2011-05-03 07:05

16 楼

free plug for firefox: Check 4 change, will do the exact job you described.
但是还是不查的好吧，状态一变就是坏消息，如果状态一变意味着好消息的话就有
motivation。

【在 d***a 的大作中提到】

: 谁写一个script吧，自动登录，自动进入相关页面，检测到状态改变后，自动发电邮通
: 知本人。

p*r2011-05-03 07:05

17 楼

再评上个世纪最顶级的5个导演时， stanley kubrick 的排名是第一的。

【在 C*******r 的大作中提到】

j*w2011-05-03 07:05

18 楼

呵呵，我根本不查，有的话他们会想法告诉你的，没有查也没用。n年都不看review
comments了，纯浪费时间和感情。

l*a2011-05-03 07:05

19 楼

最有名的商业片：ET，印第安纳系列，以及侏罗纪，我都不喜欢。另外他kiss oscar's
ass的电影也不喜欢。
美国本土当下的导演里，比较喜欢科恩兄弟，还有 Wes Anderson(Moonrise Kingdom和
Royal family),比较少，不过很多自己编剧的导演产量都不高。

【在 C*******r 的大作中提到】

s*e2011-05-03 07:05

20 楼

还没去呢。。。

【在 e****g 的大作中提到】

s*k2011-05-03 07:05

21 楼

战马也不错，当然很多人觉得老斯拍片子的情怀太重。大兵，辛德勒，战马都是类似的
。上了年纪不喜欢被教育，更喜欢看残酷点的现实片子，比如科恩兄弟或者大卫芬奇

【在 t******o 的大作中提到】

: 斯皮导的片子里娱乐片比较好。大兵开始的抢滩是我最喜欢的段子之一。