桥水:2022年是紧缩的一年,2023年,我们将看到它的影响
Nominal spending growth must fall back to the range of 3-5%, as it was during the past couple of decades when inflation oscillated around central bank targets. But that will not be enough on its own.
名义支出增长必须回落到3-5%的范围内,就像过去几十年通货膨胀在央行目标附近波动一样。但仅凭这一点是不够的。To achieve sustainable equilibriums, you need that level of nominal spending growth while at the same time having near-target real growth rates. That requires wage inflation to move back into the 1-3% range, similar to the past few decades.
为了实现可持续的平衡,你需要达到名义支出增长水平,同时拥有接近目标的实际增长率。这就要求工资涨幅回落至1-3%的区间,与过去几十年类似。Given nominal spending growth of 3-5% and wage inflation around 2%, it is possible to achieve the dual mandate of full employment with stable prices; i.e., at-potential real GDP growth, at-potential output, and near-target 2% inflation.
在名义支出增长3-5%、工资上涨2%左右的情况下,实现充分就业和物价稳定的双重任务是可能的;即,潜在的实际GDP增长,潜在的产出,以及接近2%的通胀目标。But given the current starting point, restoring equilibrium conditions will require an extended adjustment period of low nominal spending growth, negative real growth, and rising unemployment.
但考虑到目前的起点,恢复均衡状况将需要一个较长的调整时期,即名义支出增长较低、实际增长为负、失业率上升。Back of the envelope, that implies at least a 2% rise in unemployment sustained over a long enough period of time to adjust the supply/demand balance for labor, a 2% decline in real GDP, and about a 20% decline in operating earnings as an inducement for the necessary layoffs. 粗略地说,这意味着失业率至少上升2%,持续足够长的一段时间来调整劳动力的供需平衡,实际GDP下降2%,营业利润下降20%左右,这将促使必要的裁员。
通往平衡的道路
Spending and output in line with capacity 支出和产出与产能保持一致
Debt growth in line with income growth 债务增长与收入增长一致
A normal level of risk premiums in assets relative to cash 资产相对于现金的正常风险溢价水平
通往均衡的道路需要较低的工资通胀和合适的条件来实现这一点
Wages are a point of central tendency for inflation and are pervasively running at about 5%. To get 2% inflation, you need roughly 2% wage growth. 工资是通货膨胀的一个集中趋势点,目前普遍在5%左右。要实现2%的通胀,你需要大约2%的工资增长。
To reduce wage inflation, you need a combination of lower nominal spending growth and higher unemployment rates in order to rebalance dollars and quantity (P=$/Q). 为了降低工资通胀,你需要结合较低的名义支出增长和较高的失业率,以重新平衡美元和数量(P=$/Q)。
To get higher unemployment rates, you need nominal GDP growth to fall materially below wage growth, compressing profit margins enough to produce about a 20% decline in earnings. 要获得更高的失业率,你需要名义GDP增长大幅低于工资增长,从而将利润率压缩到足以导致收入下降20%左右。
Then, these conditions must be extreme enough and long-lasting enough to alter the supply/demand balance for labor so that 2% wage growth is achieved—i.e., about a 2% rise in unemployment sustained over a period of about 18 months. 然后,这些条件必须足够极端和持久,以改变劳动力的供需平衡,从而实现2%的工资增长。在美国,失业率约2%的增长持续了约18个月。
The Dollar Squeeze 美元紧缩
China and the East 中国与东方
微信扫码关注该文公众号作者