Du Fu: China's Greatest Poet
《杜甫:中国最伟大的诗人》
片中BBC最受欢迎的主持人之一、历史学家迈克尔·伍德(Michael Wood)到访中国,重走杜甫生前的足迹。从巩义、西安到成都、长沙,从出生到入仕,从开元盛世到战乱流离,回溯了诗人颠沛流离的一生。本片的另一亮点,BBC请来国宝级演员、《指环王》中甘道夫的扮演者伊恩・麦克莱恩(Ian McKellen)爵士朗诵杜甫的诗,当然了,是翻译的英文版杜诗。
麦克莱恩曾出演众多莎士比亚剧作,这一次,他用深沉优雅的莎剧腔诠释了《壮游》《观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行》等15首杜诗。麦克莱恩的扮相看起来十分入戏,然而用莎剧腔朗诵,能在多大程度上重现杜甫沉郁顿挫的气韵?抑或碰撞出新的火花?片中还邀请哈佛大学汉学家宇文所安、中国人民大学教授曾祥波、牛津大学刘陶陶博士,带来多重视角的专业解读。与杜甫在中国无人不晓的境况相反,在西方,杜甫鲜为人知。
在东方他是不朽的;在西方,却少有人听过他的名字……Born in 712, the age of Beowulf in Britain,Du Fu lived through the violent fall of China's brilliant Tang dynasty. 杜甫生于8世纪的唐朝,对应于英语文学传统,那是英雄叙事长诗、古英语传说《贝奥武夫》的时代。他的一生,经历了盛唐的倾颓。对于中国诗歌悠久的诗歌传统,BBC 给予了极大的认可。
China has the oldest living tradition of poetry in the world, more than 3,000 years old, older than Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.中国有着世界上最古老的、迄今仍在活跃的诗歌传统,上下延续三千年,比荷马史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》更古老。There is Dante, there's Shakespeare, and there's Du Fu.BBC毫不吝啬地用“最伟大”来形容杜甫,不仅是对中国而言,更是放在世界文学的大范围,把他同但丁、莎士比亚相比肩。杜甫的一生,亲历了唐朝的由盛及衰。
杜甫出生于一个有悠久传统的官僚家庭,杜甫降生后,他家庭的声势已经不如往日显赫,渐渐衰落下来。出身社会中上层书香门第的杜甫,自然有着饱读诗书、以笔为剑、忠言进谏、侍奉天子的使命感。当时的杜甫年轻气盛,仿佛整个世界都在向自己张开怀抱:《壮游》(My Brave Adventures)When I was still only in my seventh yearMy mind was already full of heroic deedsMy first poem was about the PhoenixThe harbinger of a sagacious reignWhen I was in my ninth yearI had already written enough poemsI was temperamental and I was already overfond of wineI needed it to soften an uncompromising hatred of wickedness and hypocrisyExhilarated by wine, we cast our glances over the entire universeAnd all vulgar worldliness dwindled into oblivion唐代文化高度繁荣,杜甫的文学灵感,离不开幼时接触过的多元艺术形式。幼时的杜甫看过开元盛世唐宫第一舞人公孙大娘的演出。她善舞剑器,舞姿惊动天下,观者如山,无人能及。其弟子李十二娘,同样惊世骇俗。杜甫慷慨挥毫,写下《观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行》:观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行并序
㸌如羿射九日落
When she bent back, you saw nine suns falling shot down by Yi, the god of archers
矫如群帝骖龙翔
When she leapt, you imagined gods astride flying dragons in the clouds
来如雷霆收震怒
When she advanced you expected thunder and lightning from a gathering storm
罢如江海凝清光
And when she stopped, you saw the soft light over a vast, calm sea
短暂当官随后对仕途失去信心,就在这时,杜甫结识了人生中的挚友——李白。两个中国文学史上最伟大的灵魂相遇了。比杜甫年长11岁的李白,为他带来了无穷的灵感启发。李白去世后,杜甫在《梦李白》中对他的思念肝肠寸断:
故人入我梦,明我长相忆。
You've been in my dreams as if you know how much I miss you.
恐非平生魂,路远不可测。
I feel as if you are no longer mortal, the distance between us is so great.
片中以儒家的“忠君爱国”解释为何杜甫渴望入仕,始终忧国忧民。他对百姓的关怀,在《自京赴奉先县咏怀五百字》之中体现得淋漓尽致:
朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。
Behind the red lacquered gates, wine is left to sour, meat to rot.
Outside the gates lie the bones of the frozen and the starved.
安史之乱的爆发,让杜甫的朝堂之梦被彻底打破。官方估计有3000万人死于战乱、饥荒和流离失所,伍德提醒观众:这相当于第一次世界大战中丧生的人口。杜甫被俘为囚,与家人分离,只能通过诗句,遥寄自己的思念,如这首《月夜》:
香雾云鬟湿,
Her cloud-like hair sweet with mist
清辉玉臂寒。
Her jade arms cold in the clear moonlight.
何时倚虚幌,
When shall we lean in the empty window together in brightness
双照泪痕干。
Our tears dried up?
颠沛岁月里,杜甫将对往昔繁华的眷恋以及对破碎山河的凄然,凝于《春望》一诗:
国破山河在,城春草木深。
The state is destroyed, but the country remains. In the city in spring, grass and weeds grow everywhere.
感时花溅泪,恨别鸟惊心。
Grieving for the times, even the blossom sheds tears.
烽火连三月,家书抵万金。
Beacon fires have been burning for three months now. A letter from home would be worth 10,000 in gold.
明皇幸蜀图 唐代 李昭道
在浣花溪畔,他建造了“草堂”(Thatched Cottage),《春夜喜雨》就写于此:好雨知时节,当春乃发生。
The good rain knows its season when spring arrives.
...
晓看红湿处,花重锦官城。
Dawn sees this place now red and wet, the flowers in Chengdu are heavy with rain.
离开成都后,杜甫经历了在白帝城的短暂安宁,又来到了长沙。长沙对杜甫来说是一个庇护所,就像二战时的卡萨布兰卡。伍德注意到,此时的杜甫得到了暂时的安定,尽管生活依然困苦,但他迎来了自己“创造力最惊人”的时期,同时,在志趣上“越来越靠近李白对自然的痴迷”。不过,因为长沙城内的一场动乱,杜甫再次被迫逃难,但这个时候他的健康状况已经非常糟糕。最终,他病逝于从潭州开往岳阳的一条小船上,时年59岁。虽然生活未曾如意,但他对文学的思考却至死都未曾停止,从《偶题》一诗便能看出:文章千古事,得失寸心知。
Great literature is for a thousand ages, whether it succeeds or not, you know in the heart.
前辈飞腾入,馀波绮丽为。
后贤兼旧列,历代各清规。
The early writers first made poetry take wings and soar.
Later ones have enriched their works.
Each generation produces its own fruits.
Writers stand in different ranks, but true fame surely is no random favour.
对于中国人来说,杜甫“不仅仅是一个诗人,还是这个国家良知的守护者”。正如诗中所云:“文章千古事,得失寸心知”。而现在,杜甫忧国忧民的诗篇,将在更广阔的世界流传。◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆◇◆
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来自:与外语沾边
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