美国看病常识(6)---常见血液检查及参考值(中英对照)
以下值来自我的医院实验室，仅供参考。
各医院、各实验室的值会有些差别，请参照自己的血液检查报告的正常值。
1. Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)（基础代谢检查）:
是一组有八项的血液化学检查。包括四项电解质：钠、钾、氯、碳酸氢盐；两项反应肾功能的血尿素氮+肌酐，加上血糖和钙。
test | Reference range | Reference Range | To Convert US to SI Unit |
Sodium (Na+) | 135--145 mEq/L | 135--145 mmol/L | x 1 |
Potassium (K+) | 3.5--5.0 mEq/L | 3.5--5.0 mmol/L | x 1 |
Chloride ( Cl-) | 97--109 mEq/L | 97--109 mmol/L | x 1 |
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) or CO2 | HCO3- 22--26 mEq/L; | HCO3- 22--26 mmol/L; | x1; |
Blood Urea Nitrogen ( BUN) | 6--22 mg/dL | increased in acute glomerulonephritis,obstructive uropathy,mercury poisoning,nephrotic syndrome | decreased in severe hepatic failure,pregnancy |
Creatinine | 0.7--1.4 mg/dL | 62--124 µmol/L | x 88.5 |
Glucose | fasting: 70--110mg/dL; Postprandial(2 hours):65--140mg/dL. | 3.85--6.05 mmol/L; | x 0.055 |
Calcium ( Ca2+) | 8.5--10.5 mg/dL | 2.12--2.62 mmol/L | x 0.25 |
2.Complete Blood Count (CBC)（全血细胞计数）:
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
| WBC (White blood cell count/Leukocyte count) | 白细胞数 | 4,500--11,000/cu mm | 4.5--11x109/L |
| Neutrophils (WBC differential count) | 嗜中性粒细胞 | 45%--73% | Number fraction: |
| Eosinophils (WBC differential count) | 嗜酸性粒细胞 | 0%--4% | Number fraction: |
| Basophils (WBC differential count) | 嗜碱性粒细胞 | 0%--1% | Number fraction: |
| Lymphocytes (WBC differential count) | 淋巴细胞 | 20%--40% | Number fraction: |
| Monocytes (WBC differential count) | 单核细胞 | 2%--8% | Number fraction: |
| RBC (Red blood cell count/Erythrocyte count) | 红细胞数 | Males: 4.3--6.2x106/cu mm; Females: 3.8--5.5x106/cu mm | Males: 4.3--6.2x1012/L; |
| Hemoglobin | 血红蛋白或血色素 | Males:13--18 gm/dL; | Males: 2.02--2.79 mmol/L; Females:1.86--2.48 mmol/L. |
| Hematocrit | 红细胞比容 / 比积 | Males:42%--52%; | Volume fraction:0.42--0.52; Volume fraction: 0.35--0.47. |
| MCV (Mean corpuscular volume) | 平均红细胞容积 | 84--96 cu mm | 84--96 fL |
| MCH (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin) | 平均血红蛋白量 | 28--33 pg/cell | 28--33 pg/cell |
| MCHC (Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) | 平均血红蛋白浓度 | 33%--35% | concentration fraction: |
| Platelet count (thrombocyte count) | 血小板 | 150,000--450,000/cu mm | 0.15--0.45x1012/L |
| MPV (Mean platelet volume) | 血小板平均体积 | 2.65 to 2.9 µm | 9.7–12.8 fL |
3.Arterial Blood Gas(ABG)（动脉血气分析）:
test | 中文 | Reference range | ReferenceRange |
pH | pH值 | 7.35–7.45 | 7.35–7.45 |
H+ | 氢离子 | 35–45 nmol/L(nM) | 35–45 nmol/L(nM) |
PaO2 | 血氧 | 80–100 mmHg | 9.3–13.3 kPa |
PaCO2 | 二氧化碳 | 35–45 mmHg | 4.7–6.0 kPa |
HCO3− | 碳酸氢盐 | 22–26 mEq/L | 22--26 mmol/L |
O2 sat | 血氧饱和度 | 95 - 99% | 95 - 99% |
4. Liver Function Tests（肝功能检查）：
Standard Liver Panel (标准肝功能检查)：
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
| Albumin (Alb) | 白蛋白 | 3.5--5.0 g/dL | 35--50 g/L |
| Alanine transaminase (ALT) or (SGPT) | 谷丙转氨酶/谷氨酸转氨酶 | 9--60 U/L | 9--60 U/L |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST) or(SGOT) | 天冬氨酸氨基转移酶 | 10--40 U/L | 10--40 U/L |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | 碱性磷酸酶 | 30--120 U/L | 30--120 U/L |
Total bilirubin (TBIL) | 总胆红素 | 0.1--1.2 mg/dL | 1.7--20.4 µmol/L |
| Direct bilirubin | 直接胆红素 | 0--0.3 mg/dL | 0--5.1 µmol/L |
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) | γ-谷氨酰转肽酶 | 0--51 U/L | 0--51 U/L |
5. Protein Tests（蛋白质检查）：
蛋白质检查可以反映身体的营养状况，并帮助检查和诊断肝、肾及其他疾病。有时候在症状出现前就可以通过这一测定先发现不正常。若总蛋白（total protein）不正常，必须做进一步的测试，以确定哪些特定的蛋白质异常地高或低而得出诊断。
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
| Human serum albumin | 人血白蛋白 | 3.5--5.0 g/dL | 35--50 g/L |
| Serum total protein | 血清总蛋白 | 6.5--8.5 g/dL | 65--85 g/L |
6. Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)（综合代谢检查）：
是一组有十四项的常规血液化学检查。BMP（八项）+ Protein Tests（Human serum albumin，Serum total protein）+ Liver Function Tests（ALP，ALT，AST，Bilirubin）。目的是检查肝肾功能、电解质和体液平衡。具体请看1. BMP, 4. Liver Function Tests 和 5. ProteinTests 表里相关的值，这里不再列表赘述。
7. Iron Tests（检查血中的铁）:
是测定血中铁的含量、血液运输铁的能力和铁的儲存量。用于各型贫血的鉴别诊断（如：缺铁性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、铁粒幼红细胞贫血和慢性溶血性贫血等）。需空腹12小时抽静脉血检查。
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
| Serum iron | 血清铁（血液内游离的铁离子） | Male: 65-177 μg/dL; | Male: 11.6-31.7 µmol/L; Female: 9.0-30.4 μmol/L |
| TIBC(Total iron-binding capacity) | 血清总铁结合力/血清运铁容量 | 240--450 µg/dL | 43.0--80.6 µmol/L |
| UIBC(Unsaturated iron-binding capacity) | 未饱和铁结合力 | The UIBC is calculated by subtracting the serum iron from the TIBC. | UIBC= TIBC- Serum iron |
| Transferrin saturation (= Serum iron/ TIBC) | 运铁蛋白饱和度 | Male: 20-50%; Female: 15-50% | |
| Serum Ferritin | 血清铁蛋白（血液内结合状态的铁，检查体内铁缺乏的最灵敏的指标） | Males: 20--250 ng/mL; Females: 12--250 ng/mL | Males: 20--250 µg/L; Females: 12--250 µg/L |
8. Lipid profile(Lipid panel)（血脂检查） ：
高血脂增加心血管疾病的风险。需空腹12小时抽静脉血检查。
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range |
| Total cholesterol | 总胆固醇 | recommended <200 mg/dL; moderate risk 200--239 mg/dL; high risk >240 mg/dL. | <5.2 mmol/L; 5.2--6.2 mmol/L; >6.24 mmol/L |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (good cholesterol ) | 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 （好胆固醇） | major risk factor <40 mg/dL; negative risk factor >59 mg/dL | x 0.026=mmol/L |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (bad cholesterol ) | 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 （坏胆固醇） | recommended <129 mg/dL; moderate risk 130--159 mg/dL; high risk >159 mg/dL. | x 0.026=mmol/L |
| Triglycerides | 三酸甘油酯/甘油三酯 | recommended 30--149 mg/dL (<160) | x 0.011=mmol/L |
9.Thyroid function test（甲状腺功能检查）:
test | 中文 | Reference range | Reference Range in SI Units | Interpretation |
| TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)/Serum thyrotropin | 甲状腺刺激激素/促甲状腺素 | 0.4--6 mIU/L 0.3 to 3.0 mIU/L(as of 2003 ) | 0.4--6 mIU/L | <0.4(低) ---possible hyperthyroidism(甲亢) ; >6(高) ---hypothyroidism(甲减). Note: the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists has revised these guidelines as of early 2003, narrowing the range to 0.3 to 3.0. |
| T3 / Serum triiodothyronine | 血清三碘甲状腺素 | 80 to 220 ng/dL | 1.23--3.39 nmol/L | <80(低)---hypothyroidism(甲减); >220(高)---Pregnancy,hyperthyroidism(甲亢) |
| Total T4 / Serum thyroxine | 血清甲状腺素 | 4.5--12.5 µg/dL | 58.5--162.5 nmol/L | <4.5 can be indicative of an underfunctioning thyroid when TSH is also elevated. >12.5(高)---hyperthyroidism(甲亢). Low T4 with low TSH can sometimes indicate a pituitary problem. |
| Free T4 / Free Thyroxine | 游离甲状腺 | 0.7 to 2.0 ng/dL | 9.0--25.8 pmol/L | <0.7 ---possible hypothyroidism(甲减) |
10.Clotting factor（凝血因子）：
test | 中文 | Reference range | Clinical significance |
Prothrombin time | 凝血酶原时间 | 12–15 seconds | Prolonged by deficiency of factors I,II,V,VII, and X, fat malabsorption, severe liver disease, coumadin anticoagulant therapy. |
| INR (international normalized ratio ) | 国际标准化比值 | 1.0 2--3 for therapy in atrial fibrilation,deep vein thrombosis,and pulmonary embolism; 2.5--3.5 for therapy in prosthetic heart valves | INR used to standardize the prothrombin time and anticoagulation therapy. |
| Partial thromboplastin time (activated) | 活化部分凝血激酶时间 | 25--30 seconds | Prolonged in deficiency of fibrinogen,factors II,V,VIII, IX,X,XI, and XII,and in heparin therapy. |
| Thrombin time | 凝血酶时间 | 10--15 seconds | Prolonged by heparin, fibrin degradation products, lupus anticoagulant. |
11.Cardiac marker（心脏病指标） :
虽然仍有医院、有医生在做CPK-MB test，但这里只介绍一个目前被认为是检测急性心肌梗塞（Acute Myocardial Infarction）最灵敏的检测法---Troponin test (Troponin I (肌钙蛋白I) onset: 4-6 hrs, peak: 12-24 hrs, return to normal: 4-7 days).
Troponin I Reference Range | Interpretation (判读) |
0.00--0.09 | Normal |
0.10--0.60 | Possible indication of myocardial damage, unstable angina, congestive heart failure, myocarditis, cardiac surgery or invasive testing. Clinical correlation is required. |
>0.60 | May indicate significant myocardial injury. Clinical correlation is required. |
12.Cancer marker（癌症指标）:
这些指标不是诊断癌症的专属的、特异性指标，很多非肿瘤的、偶然的身体变化也可能使这些指标不正常，所以它们只能作为一种参考或评估治疗前后的参考值。请不要心慌，让自己的医生根据具体情况来判读结果。
test | 中文 | Reference range | Clinical significance |
| AFP (Alpha fetoprotein) | 甲胎蛋白 | <10 µg/L | Often elevated in liver cancers (hepatocellular) and testicular cancers (non-seminomatous). Raised levels are also present during pregnancy or some gastrointestinal cancers. |
| CA 15-3 | CA 15-3 | <30 IU/L | Increased in metastatic breast. Raised levels are also present in other non-malignant conditions (eg. cirrhosis, benign diseases of ovaries & breast). |
| CA 19-9 | CA 19-9 | <37 IU/L | Increased in pancreatic,hepatobiliary,gastric,and colorectal cancer,gallstones .Its level is best evaluated along with CEA marker test. |
| CA125 | CA125 | <35 IU/L | Increased in colon, upper gastrointestinal(GI),ovarian, and other gynecologic cancers; during menstruation,pregnancy or individuals with ovarian cysts,pericarditis,hepatitis,cirrhosis of the liver or peritonitis. |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | 癌胚抗原 | 0-2.5 µg/L(nonsmoker); 0-5 µg/L(smoker) | CEA was first identified in colon cancer. Elevated CEA levels are found in a variety of cancers other than colonic, including pancreatic, gastric, lung, and breast. It is also detected in benign conditions including cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic lung disease, and pancreatitis. |
| PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) | 前列腺特异性抗原 | 0-4 ng/ml | PSA is prostate-specific, not cancer-specific. A variety of conditions can raise PSA levels: prostatitis (prostate inflammation), benign prostatic hypertrophy (prostate enlargement), and prostate cancer. |
*本系列专为新移民而写。都是网友发QQH到我的信箱里常问的问题。因悄悄话的版面有限，把答复的内容写在自己的博客里，并公开贴在健康养生坛。到目前为止已完成六篇。感谢网友、健康坛版主和网管大人的热心支持（只写了一部分时就被贴出），这是最后的完整版，介绍常见的12项检查内容。它是最费时费力的一篇---要制表，要核对数据和单位。无高深的医学知识，只是把它们归类整理出来，供参考之用。但请参照自己的检验报告里的正常范围，因为各实验室的检验方法和仪器会有误差，而且需要医生结合你的情况来判读你的检验结果。千万不要只看到自己的某一项指标偏高或偏低就心慌了---单方面一个指标的不正常有时是没有临床意义的。请咨询你的医生，由医生来下结论。
谢谢大家，特别是给我留QQH的网友的信任。下一篇的题目是：各种疼痛的英文表达（the 5th vital sign---pain)(也是一网友要求的。但最近较忙，尽量一星期后完成。）*
（欢迎转载。敬请注明出处，谢谢！）
**今天（09/30/2010）补加一个《中国医学院毕业并在美行医的医生名录》链接，方便查找美国各州行医的各科中国医生，请点击： http://physician.cmgforum.net/