全球猴痘病例继续增加，我国面对什么样的风险？有何应对措施？

当下全球猴痘病毒感染有扩大趋势。

5月21日，世界卫生组织发布声明称，5月13日以来有12 个未流行猴痘病毒的会员国报告了92 例实验室确诊病例和 28 例疑似猴痘病例, 包括英国、西班牙、葡萄牙、加拿大和美国等。

The World Health Organization said on Saturday that since May 13, it had identified 92 confirmed cases and 28 suspected cases in 12 non-endemic countries, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Canada and the United States.

自此之后，以色列、阿联酋、斯洛文尼亚、捷克等国也报告了数例猴痘病例。

Factbox:

Q：什么是猴痘？

1958年, 猴痘病毒首次在实验室猴子身上发现。1970年，中非国家刚果（金）发现首例人感染猴痘病例，是一名9岁男孩。现在，该病毒被认为起源于包括灵长类、啮齿类动物等在内的野生动物，全球大部分病例发生在中非和西非地区。 

Scientists came up with the name monkeypox in 1958 after it was first detected in laboratory monkeys. The first known human infection was identified in a 9-year-old boy in Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970. The virus is now believed to originate in primates, rodents and other wild animals and most cases have been reported across central and western Africa. 

Q: 猴痘会引起什么症状？

猴痘感染者的症状类似于天花患者, 但通常比天花感染者的症状轻很多。大多数猴痘感染者会出现发烧、疼痛、打寒战和皮疹等症状，且2-4周内会自愈，但严重患者也会死亡。近期，它的病死率预计为3%至6%。

The virus can cause a disease with symptoms similar to, but less severe than smallpox, which was eradicated in 1980. Most patients only experience fever, body aches, chills and rash, and can recover within two to four weeks without special treatment. But it can be deadly, with an estimated fatality rate of around 3 to 6 percent.

Q: 猴痘是如何传播的？

人从动物感染猴痘病毒主要是通过接触感染动物的血液、体液、皮肤或粘膜损伤。猴痘病毒的人际间传播主要是因为密切接触了感染者的呼吸道分泌物、皮肤损伤或最近被病人体液或病变材料污染的物品而造成。

Monkeypox is transmitted to humans through close contact with an infected person or animal, or with material contaminated with the virus. Human-to-human spread of the virus is usually caused by close contact with lesions, body fluids, respiratory droplets and contaminated materials. 

Q: 现在针对猴痘有疫苗或治疗手段吗？

部分研究显示，天花疫苗对预防猴痘病毒有85%的有效性。若以前接种过天花疫苗，可能会减轻猴痘症状。

Vaccination against smallpox was demonstrated through several observational studies to be about 85 percent effective in preventing monkeypox. 

那猴痘是否会传入中国？我国科学家和有关部门可以采取哪些措施“狙击”猴痘入侵？

首先要明确，我国还从未有过猴痘确诊病例的报告。

“我国未报告发现猴痘病例，也没有报告在动物宿主发现该病毒。目前的重点是外防输入。”中国疾控中心病毒病预防控制所研究员谭文杰在近期和《健康报》的采访中说。

China has reported no human or animal cases of monkeypox, and the focus at present is preventing imported monkeypox cases from overseas, according to Tan Wenjie, a researcher at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention.

由于猴痘病毒传播渠道的局限性和感染后相对较轻的症状，谭文杰表示，猴痘成为天花这样烈性传染病的可能性微乎其微。

Due to monkeypox’s limited transmission ability and milder symptoms in infected patients, the possibility for monkeypox to develop into an acute and fatal infectious disease like smallpox is “extremely low”.

但是，决不能轻视猴痘病毒或放松警惕。

据《健康报》引用谭文杰说，我国已经有如下准备：

— 已建立了多种可用于猴痘早期诊断的基因检测技术，可在24小时内鉴别样品是否为猴痘病毒或其他痘病毒，并对猴痘病毒的来源与传播链进行分子溯源；

China has created several testing technologies targeting monkeypox that can return results within 24 hours and enable genome sequencing of the virus；

— 中国疾控中心已制订了《猴痘疫情应急处置技术方案》，储备了猴痘分子检测试剂并对各省市疾控专业人员开展了猴痘核酸PCR检测培训；

The China CDC has formulated an emergency technical plan for monkeypox outbreaks, prepared testing kits and began training local disease control workers on laboratory testing；

— 我国长期进行天花疫苗的应急储备，可随时提供上百万支天花疫苗应急接种；

China also has an inventory of smallpox vaccines and can provide over one million doses amid a health emergency；

传染病没有国界。复旦大学附属华山医院微信公众号“华山感染”也刊文说，“猴痘病毒输入我国的风险将持续存在，并随着欧美出现疫情，我国输入性病例的风险也会相应增加。”

Contagious diseases are not bound by borders and the risk of seeing imported monkeypox infections always exists and has risen due to recent cases in Europe and America. 

该文提出，“应该提前做好准备，开展猴痘的大众科普和宣传，同时加强类似症状病例的监测，开发诊断方法和试剂，以便及时发现输入性病例，阻断传播，防止猴痘在我国国内出现流行。同时，应该着手储备特效的疫苗和抗病毒药物，以免出现病例后处于被动局面。”

We should step up preparedness early on by launching education campaigns about the disease, intensify monitoring of relevant symptoms and developing diagnosis methods and testing kits, so as to detect imported cases in a timely manner and cut off its transmission.

本周，浙江、广东等地的一些企业也发布通告称，已经紧急研制出猴痘病毒核酸检测试剂盒，并通过欧盟批准。 

总之，面对猴痘，我们无需过度恐慌，但必须做到有备无患。