已致9500人遇难!土耳其强震为何伤亡如此惨重?
据美联社等外媒报道,土耳其7.8级强震目前已造成超过9500人死亡。
A powerful 7.8 magnitude earthquake hit southeast Turkiye and Syria early Monday, toppling buildings and sending panicked residents pouring outside in a cold winter night. More than 9,500 have been confirmed dead in both countries and thousands more injured with the death toll expected to rise.
目前仍有许多人被困在废墟下,人员伤亡数字可能会大幅上升。世卫欧洲区高级紧急事务官史摩伍德表示,地震遇难人数可能会超过2万。
据世界卫生组织负责应急管理和行动的高级官员阿德尔海德·马尚7日表示,土耳其南部6日发生的强烈地震可能导致土耳其和叙利亚大约2300万人受影响,叙利亚的人道主义援助需求非常急迫。
多位地震学家表示震级高并不意味着一定致命,那为什么土耳其、叙利亚的地震破坏力如此之大?
板块交界,地震活动频繁
土耳其是世界上地震最活跃的国家之一。阿拉伯板块、安纳托利亚板块和非洲板块在这一地区相遇,当它们滑动并相互挤压,会产生摩擦和压力,引发地震。
Turkiye sits in an earthquake hot spot. Three tectonic plates — the Arabian, Anatolian and African plates — meet in this region.
伦敦大学学院的地震学家斯蒂芬·希克斯(Stephen Hicks)表示,阿拉伯板块正以每年约11毫米的速度向北移动。因此,位于安纳托利亚板块上的土耳其正被向西挤压。
The Arabian plate is plowing northward at a rate of about 11 millimeters (just under a half-inch) per year, said Stephen Hicks, a seismologist at University College London. Turkiye, which sits on the Anatolian plate, is therefore being squeezed westward.
土耳其境内有两大地震断裂带(two major faults):930英里长的北安那托利亚断层和300多英里长的东安那托利亚断层。从以往观察,位于土耳其北部的北安纳托利亚断裂带地震活动更频繁。
但是,此次土耳其的两次地震发生在该国东南部的东安纳托利亚断裂带,这条断裂带“至少自20世纪初地震监测网络就位以来”,没有超过7级的地震。
希克斯表示,上个世纪沿该断层没有发生大地震,再加上阿拉伯板块向北运动,表明“相当多的能量”可能已经积累起来。
The lack of recent large earthquakes in the last century along that fault, combined with the northward movement of the Arabian plate, suggest there was pent-up strain in the region, he said.
此次7.8级地震的震中距离加济安泰普省首府加济安泰普市只有约30公里。该市人口超过200万,其中包括数十万叙利亚难民。同时,震中距离叙利亚西北部边境仅50公里,那里的难民营中居住着超过170万流离失所者。这也增加了破坏和生命损失的危险。
It's also a densely populated area, which increases the danger of destruction and loss of life.
图源:新华社
此外,此次地震的发生时间在当地的凌晨,绝大多数人们正在睡觉,没有时间做出反应。
This particular event happened in the early hours of the morning, when people were sleeping and had no time to react.
浅源地震破坏程度更高
地震学上,震源深度小于70公里的地震被称为浅源地震;震源深度越浅,地震对人类活动造成的伤害就越大。而这次地震是土耳其100多年来发生的最强地震之一,震中位于加济安泰普省努尔达吉以东23公里处,震源深度约为24公里。
Monday's quake originated just about 11 miles below the surface. That means the seismic waves did not have to travel far before they reached buildings and people on the surface, leading to more intense shaking.
中国地震台网中心研究员孙仕鋐在接受中新网记者采访时表示,此次土耳其地震应属震群型地震,即一组地震,而不是孤立型或主余震型,两次强震的震中相距约96公里。此外,此次地震有两个震级相当的主震,这就属于震群型地震中的“双震型地震”。
Dozens of destructive aftershocks, smaller earthquakes that occur in the same general area after the main temblor, have continued to shake the region.
余震频繁,震级高且范围广
While the initial earthquake caused a lot of damage and casualties, the ground hasn't stopped shaking, Jessica Turner, a geologist from the US Geological Survey (USGS).
“现在余震还在不停地继续,”特纳说。“随着每次余震的到来,它仍然会震动这些不稳定的结构,造成更大的破坏。”
抗震设备缺乏,基础设施不完备
英国朴茨茅斯大学的火山学家卡门索拉纳(Carmen Solana)表示,由于地震无法预测,因此在受灾地区建造抗震建筑至关重要。“不幸的是,在土耳其南部,尤其是叙利亚,抵抗力强的基础设施并不完善。”
Carmen Solana, a volcanologist at the UK's Portsmouth University, said that because earthquakes cannot be predicted, tremor-resistant buildings were crucial in affected areas.
"The resistant infrastructure is unfortunately patchy in South Turkiye and especially Syria, so saving lives now mostly relies" on efforts to rescue survivors, she added.
此次地震影响区域的基础设施水平参差不齐,不少建筑物都经历了所谓的“煎饼式倒塌”。由于墙壁和地板连接不够牢固等原因,每一层楼都垂直倒塌在下面一层楼上,留下一堆中间几乎没有缝隙的混凝土板。这意味着里面任何人的生存机会都非常小。
美国地质调查局强调,使用无钢筋砖砌体和低层混凝土框架的建筑物风险最大。此类材料太过坚硬,无法随着震动摇摆,更有可能发生弯曲,导致灾难性的倒塌。
The USGS highlighted buildings that use unreinforced brick masonry and low-rise concrete frames to be at greatest risk. These materials are too stiff to sway with the shaking and are more likely to buckle, leading to catastrophic collapses.
通讯受阻、天气恶劣,救援难度大
土耳其南部一些受灾最严重的城市之间的互联网连接不畅和道路受损,阻碍了评估和应对影响的努力。
Poor internet connections and damaged roads between some of the worst-hit cities in Turkiye's south, homes to millions of people, hindered efforts to assess and address the impact.
图源:新华社
据天气预报,未来一周,暴风雪将席卷全国,当地气温直逼零下,给救援工作带来更多阻力。
Temperatures in some areas were expected to fall to near freezing overnight, worsening conditions for people trapped under rubble or left homeless. Rain fell on Monday after snowstorms swept the country at the weekend.
联合国表示,叙利亚西北部已有410万人依赖跨境人道主义援助,其中许多人因冲突而流离失所并生活在营地中,而国际支持工作已经捉襟见肘。
联合国发言人斯蒂芬·杜加里克 (Stephane Dujarric) 在接受路透社记者采访时说:“叙利亚社区同时受到持续的霍乱疫情和严酷的冬季事件的打击,包括周末的大雨和大雪。”
编辑:陈月华
来源:新华社 CNN 卫报 路透社 BBC 法新社
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