Between只能用在两者之间吗?
不少同学可能曾经学过这样的语法规则:between用于两者之间,而among用于三者或三者以上的情形。比如:
(1) The paper had fallen down between the desk and the wall.
(2) The house is nestled among the trees.
但在实际使用中,我们经常可以见到例外的情况,比如BBC Learning English官网上的这一标题:What are the differences between 'fast', 'quick' and 'quickly'? 虽然比较的对象有三个,但这里仍然使用了between而不是among
英文维基百科关于between/among的词条有这样的说明:
The traditionalist view is that between should only be used when there are only two objects (or people) for comparison; and among or amongst should be used for more than two objects (or people). Most style guides and dictionaries do not support this advice, saying that between can be used to refer to something that is in the time, space or interval that separates more than two items.
虽然传统语法观点认为between只能用于两者之间,但目前有不少词典以及写作指南认为between可以用于两者以上的事物。根据《韦氏英语词典》的考证,between与古英语中的twā一词有关,而twā的含义为two,这也是一些人认为between只能用于指两个人或事物的原因。但实际上between最早在英语中的使用涉及到耶稣的12门徒,并不局限于“两个人或事物”。
虽然between可以用于多个事物,但这样并不意味着between和among可以互换。只有当我们讨论的多个事物有所不同且互相独立时,才可以用between,比如上面BBC的例子:What are the differences between 'fast', 'quick' and 'quickly'? 此处fast, quick, quickly是三个不同且互相独立的单词。
又比如美国政客Bob Beauprez有这样一句关于教育的名言:
此处dedicated teachers, motivated students, enthusiastic parents这三者都是独立且不同的群体。
如果我们讨论的几个事物没有明显不同,或者这些事物的具体性质和数量不确定,那么就可以用among(Use among when referring to indistinct or nonspecific relationships.),比如:The ball was hidden among the leaves. 句子中这些“树叶”数量不确定,因此用among。当我们强调“人群”这一概念时,也使用among,比如:The girl quickly disappeared among the crowd.
我们平时可能还会遇到amongst这一单词,它的意思跟among是一样的,只不过它经常出现在文学作品中,使用起来会更加正式。
除了上面的用法之外,between和among也都可以用来表示位置关系,但between强调处于两者之间,而among则是强调处于这些事物之间。比如:
(1) He walked between the trees.
(2) He walked among the trees.
第一句话可以理解为“他”在两棵树或者两排树之间行走,而第二句可以理解为“他”在树丛之中走动。
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