油墨里独自芬芳的药用鼠尾草
我加入了一个花草群,时不时往群里发一些自己创作的花草札记。
几天前刚刚向群友介绍了迷迭香,马上有人推送了莎拉.布莱曼演唱的《斯卡波罗集市》(Scarborough Fair),恰巧迷迭香是歌词里面出现的四种香草之一:
“Are you going to Scarborough Fair?
您要去斯卡波罗集市吗?
Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme
香芹,鼠尾草,迷迭香和百里香
Remember me to one who lives there
代我向那儿的一位小伙子问好
He once was the true love of mine
他曾是我的挚爱
Tell him to make me a cambric shirt
告诉他替我做件麻布衬衫
Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme
香芹,鼠尾草,迷迭香和百里香
Without no seams nor needlework
不用缝合,也无需针线
Then he'll be a true love of mine
那他就是我的挚爱
Tell him to find me an acre of land
告诉他替我找一亩土地
Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme
香芹,鼠尾草,迷迭香和百里香
Between the salt water and the sea strand
在海水和海滨之间
Then he'll be a true love of mine
那他就是我的挚爱
Tell him to reap it in a sickle of leather
告诉他用皮镰来收割
Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme
香芹,鼠尾草,迷迭香和百里香
And gather it all in a bunch of heather
用石楠草捆扎成束
Then he'll be a true love of mine
那他就是我的挚爱
Are you going to Scarborough Fair?
您要去斯卡波罗集市吗?
Parsley, sage, rosemary, and thyme
香芹,鼠尾草,迷迭香和百里香。
Remember me to one who lives there
代我向那儿的一位小伙子问好,
He once was the true love of mine
他曾是我的挚爱。”
这是一首古老的英国民歌,作为好莱坞影片《毕业生》(The Graduate)的插曲为广大中国观众熟知。先后有不少歌手翻唱过此歌,我个人认为莎拉.布莱曼的版本最为凄美婉转。国外有人特地拍了一个MV版本,用莎拉的《斯卡波罗集市》做背景音乐。片中的女主人公是古代一位骑士的妻子,有着一张精致的面容和一双深蓝色的大眼睛。她骑着马随一群香客徜徉在茂密的丛林里,一路回想着往昔与爱人相处时的情形。忽然她有了一种不祥的预感,毅然掉转马头,一路疾驰奔回硝烟狼藉的城堡,见到了悲惨的一幕:骑士静静地躺在床上,永远闭上了双眼,面容安详,像是睡着了一样。
悲痛欲绝的妻子俯下身子,轻轻地吻了丈夫的唇。这时奇迹发生了,骑士先是微微张开了唇,然后慢慢睁开双眼,死而复生……
这一幕温柔地打动了我,比从前看到的屏幕里的王子吻醒了睡美人、或是公主亲吻被施了魔法的青蛙还要触及心灵。那种一吻之后魂牵梦萦,并将爱人从冥界拉回来的心心相印的意境,至少让人相信了什么是海枯石烂生死相依的爱情。
百度上有许多关于《斯卡波罗集市》的介绍,比如,歌曲的原型来自1673年的英格兰民谣《小精灵骑士》(The Elfin Knight ):一位年轻的姑娘魔幻般地将一位小精灵骑士召唤到她的卧室里,但骑士说姑娘的年纪太小,在成为他的爱人前,姑娘必须做到一系列不可能做到的事情。姑娘答应做到这些事情,但反过来要求小精灵骑士必须先完成她要求的种种无法实现的任务。《斯卡波罗集市》这首歌大约成形于19世纪,最初的内容情节大致与《小精灵骑士》相似,经过不断演变,小精灵骑士的身份渐渐淡化,如今更像一首哀伤缠绵的情歌了。
国人对欧洲的香草不太熟悉,几乎没有人在网站上提出这样的问题:欧洲常见的香草至少有大几十种,为什么歌词里的四种香草偏偏是香芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香呢?
最简洁的答案是:在英国,香芹、鼠尾草、迷迭香和百里香被视为四种基本香草(essential herbs)。
歌词中的sage 指的是英国常见的药用鼠尾草(学名Salvia officinalis),又被称为“花园鼠尾草”(garden sage)、“普通鼠尾草”(common sage)、厨房鼠尾草(kitchen sage)等,多年生常绿亚灌木,具木茎,高约60厘米,灰叶,蓝色或紫红色的唇型花朵。其自然栖息地在地中海北部,但在英国和德国已有数百年的栽植历史,并于当地归化。人们将药用鼠尾草用于烹饪和医药,也用来提取精油。
许多人没有意识到药用鼠尾草在欧洲烹饪和医学史上有着重要的地位。它在古埃及被用来提高妇女的生育能力。古希腊和古罗马人最早用鼠尾草做肉类防腐剂,他们还认为该香草可以辟邪、提高人的记忆力以及治疗蛇毒等。古希腊哲学家和自然科学家西奥弗拉斯(Theophrastus,约前372—前287)曾记录了两类鼠尾草,一种为野生灌木,一种为栽培品种,味似薄荷。根据古罗马博物学家老普林尼(23-79)的记载,此栽培品种被古罗马人称为“Salvia”,意为“治愈”(to heal), 可以用来利尿、调经、局部麻醉等。中世纪早期的加洛林帝国(Carolingian Empire)的修道院里广泛种植着这种草药。从那以后,Salvia一直是修道院花园中的最重要的草药之一。修道院里存放药草的储藏室被称为“ Officina”,1753年,瑞典植物学家卡尔.林奈(Carl Linneus)给这种药用鼠尾草取名 “sage officinalis”。
药用鼠尾草在远古和整个中世纪都享有盛誉,盎格鲁撒克逊人的手稿上有一句名言:“一个人拥有了鼠尾草,怎么可能死呢?”(why should man die when he has sage)。成立于9世纪初的欧洲最早的医科大学萨勒诺医学院(Salerno Medical School)在11世纪和12世纪也记录了类似的说法:“当一个人的花园里种植着鼠尾草,怎么可能会死呢?”(Why should a man die whilst sage grows in his garden?)英国有一句相对应的古老谚语:想要永生的人,必须在五月吃鼠尾草(He that would live for aye, Must eat Sage in May.)德国也有类似的谚语:“若想活到老,必须在五月吃鼠尾草。”(for a ripe old age, in May you eat sage)
鼠尾草又被称作“救世主草药”(Sage the Saviour),古人们建议将芸香与鼠尾草种植在一起,可以使有害的蟾蜍远离这些珍贵的草药。英国的草药学家认为花园里鼠尾草的生长状态预示着生意的兴衰,鼠尾草长得好,表明生意会兴旺发达,鼠尾草枯萎,暗示生意会失败。还有一种传统观念:当鼠尾草在花园里旺盛生长时,妻子将统治一切。(the wife rules when Sage grows vigorously in the garden. )
从14世纪开始直到19世纪早期,黑死病是肆虐欧洲的传染病主角,从那时起流传着一个“四贼醋”(Four Thieves Vinegar)秘方,据说是四个盗贼用草药制成的预防瘟疫的偏方。他们将草药浸在白葡萄酒醋里十几天,制成草药醋,然后将面罩浸在草药醋里。专等染上瘟疫的死者被抬去墓地下葬后,这些盗贼戴着面罩,同时把草药醋抹在裸露的双手、脖子、额头和太阳穴上,然后进入死者的屋子洗劫,有时也去盗墓。奇怪的是,使用了草药醋的盗贼们无一染上黑死病。后来他们被捕,本要判处死刑的,作为交换条件,他们交出了配方,幸免一死。欧洲民间流传着好几种“四贼醋”配方,主要成分包括百里香、鼠尾草、薰衣草、迷迭香等。
在法国的某些地区,人们认为鼠尾草可以减轻精神和生理上的痛苦,许多墓地上撒满了鼠尾草。法国有一个古老谚语:“鼠尾草有助于神经系统,通过其强大的力量来治愈麻痹症和降烧。”(Sage helps the nerves and by its powerful might, Palsy is cured and fever put to flight)
1653年,英国草药学家尼古拉斯. 库尔珀 (Nicholas Culpeper,1616 –1654)发表专著《草药全书》(Complete Herbal),书中介绍了411种草药的功用,其中有一节是关于花园鼠尾草的,几乎涵盖了其主要的药用价值,现翻译如下:
“描述:鼠尾草是生长在每个花园里的灌木,众所周知,有着长而粗糙的皱叶,有时呈灰绿色,有时呈紫红色,气味强烈。花朵长在穗状花序的长茎上,大且呈帽盔状,花朵裂片弯曲凹陷,基部中央花瓣宽阔,蓝紫色,置于潮呼呼的大花萼上:在其底部长出四个圆形的光滑种子。
地点:它被种植于花园。
时间:五月开花。采用叶子和花朵。
使用和价值:上神让我告诉大家,鼠尾草对对肝脏和血液都有好处。迪奥斯科里德斯(注:古罗马时期的希腊医生和药理学家,约40年-90年)认为,用鼠尾草的枝叶制成的汤剂和酒水利尿,诱发子宫收缩,有助于死胎排出体外,并起到乌发作用。将其敷在流血的伤口可清洁脏污的溃疡。空腹服用三匙鼠尾草汁和少量蜂蜜,可使肺痨患者不吐血或流血。这些药方值得推荐:取哪达和生姜各2德拉姆(注:古罗马重量单位,1德拉姆合3.41克),8德拉姆烤熟的鼠尾草种子,12德拉姆长胡椒,将它们研磨成粉状,然后加入足量的鼠尾草汁制成一团药丸,每天早晚空腹各服1德拉姆,之后喝一点纯净的水。 马蒂奥勒斯 (注: 即Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli , 1501 – 1577,意大利著名植物学家和医生)认为,鼠尾草对于因风寒和风湿而引起的各种头部疼痛,以及关节的各种疼痛(无论是内部或外部引起的)大有裨益,对癫痫、因精神混沌而导致的昏昏欲睡、麻痹等有效,可治疗因头部风湿导致的流鼻水和流眼泪,以及胸腔疾病。将鼠尾草叶和荨麻叶揉碎后贴在耳后方的溃疡处,可减轻痛苦。喝下用温水浸泡的鼠尾草汁,可减缓嗓音嘶哑和咳嗽。将鼠尾草叶浸泡在葡萄酒中,然后贴在麻痹的患处,会大有帮助,也可制成煎汤服下。鼠尾草与苦艾可一并用来治疗赤白痢。普林尼认为,鼠尾草诱发子宫收缩,导致急产,可治疗蛇咬,并杀死在耳朵和疮中繁殖的蠕虫。鼠尾草有助于提高记忆,增加温暖的感官体验。鼠尾草干花可用于相同目的,也可用来治疗之前提到的所有疾病。鼠尾草汁和醋一起喝,在瘟疫时期极有好处。同样,含漱剂也可以用鼠尾草、迷迭香、蜜糖和车前草制成,将混合物倒入酒或水中,并加入一些蜂蜜或香葱,用来减缓口腔痛、咽喉痛,治疗口部溃疡,甚至用来清洗男女私密部位。鼠尾草可搭配其他温和舒适的草药,在夏季煮沸后用来沐浴身体和腿部,可温暖深受麻痹和抽筋困扰的冰冷关节或筋骨,起到舒适强健作用。如果患有侧面痉挛或因风引起的身体侧面疼痛,强烈建议将鼠尾草浸在葡萄酒里煮沸,然后将药草和汤汁热敷在痛处。”
(COMMON GARDEN SAGE
Description. This sage is a shrubby plant growing in every garden, and is well known to have long, rough, and wrinkled leaves, sometimes of a hoary green, and sometimes of a reddish purple colour, of a pretty strong smell; the flowers grow on long stalks set on verticillatim in spikes; they are large and galeated, having the galea crooked and hollow, and the labella broad, of a blueish purple colour, set in large clamy calices: in the bottom of which grow four round smooth seeds.
Place. It is planted in gardens.
Time. It flowers in May. The leaves and flowers are used.
Government and virtues. Jupiter claims this, and bids me tell you, it is good for the liver, and to breed blood. A decoction of the leaves and branches of Sage made and drank, saith Dioscorides, provokes urine, brings down women's courses, helps to expel the dead child, and causes the hair to become black. It stays the bleeding of wounds, and cleanses foul ulcers. Three spoonfuls of the juice of Sage taken fasting, with a little honey, doth presently stay the spitting or casting of blood of them that are in a consumption. These pills are much commended: Take of spikenard, ginger, of each two drams; of the seed of Sage toasted at the fire, eight drams; of long pepper, twelve drams; all these being brought into powder, put thereto so much juice of Sage as may make them into a mass of pills, taking a dram of them every morning fasting, and so likewise at night, drinking a little pure water after them. Matthiolus saith, it is very profitable for all manner of pains in the head coming of cold and rheumatic humours: as also for all pains of the joints, whether inwardly or outwardly, and therefore helps the falling-sickness, the lethargy such as are dull and heavy of spirit, the palsy; and is of much use in all defluctions of rheum from the head, and for the diseases of the chest or breast. The leaves of Sage and nettles bruised together, and laid upon the imposthume that rises behind the ears, doth assuage it much. The juice of Sage taken in warm water, helps a hoarseness and a cough. The leaves sodden in wine, and laid upon the place affected with the palsy, helps much, if the decoction be drank. Also Sage taken with wormwood is good for the bloody-flux. Pliny saith, it procures women's courses, and stays them coming down too fast; helps the stinging and biting of serpents, and kills the worms that breed in the ear, and in sores. Sage is of excellent use to help the memory, warming and quickening the senses; and the conserve made of the flowers is used to the same purpose, and also for all the former recited diseases. The juice of Sage drank with vinegar, hath been of good use in time of the plague at all times. Gargles likewise are made with Sage, rosemary, honey-suckles, and plantain, boiled in wine or water, with some honey or allum put thereto, to wash sore mouths and throats, cankers, or the secret parts of man or woman, as need requires. And with other hot and comfortable herbs. Sage is boiled to bathe the body and the legs in the Summer time, especially to warm cold joints, or sinews, troubled with the palsy and cramp, and to comfort and strengthen the parts. It is much commended against the stitch, or pains in the side coming of wind, if the place be fomented warm with the decoction thereof in wine, and the herb also after boiling be laid warm thereunto. )
随着现代医学的发展,鼠尾草已不再广泛地用于医药,人们主要看重的是它的烹饪价值。药用鼠尾草带有轻微的胡椒味,与香醋、罗勒、月桂叶、黑胡椒、奶酪、大蒜、薰衣草、柠檬、蘑菇、洋葱、牛至、迷迭香、百里香和红酒的味道很好地融合在一起。西方美食家将药用鼠尾草作为一种调味香料来醃泡肉类、制作奶酪及某些饮料。英国人和比利时人用药用鼠尾草和洋葱填塞在禽肉腹內或猪肉里。在法国菜里,药用鼠尾草被拿來烹调白肉及加在蔬菜汤里。德国人常将药用鼠尾草和香肠搭配在一起使用。意大利料理也经常会使用鼠尾草,在巴尔干半岛和中东地区,烤羊肉时会用到药用鼠尾草。
我来到温哥华后见识了来自世界各地的各种鼠尾草,花园里种植的大多为观赏型品种。如果你热爱美食,药用鼠尾草是最好的选择,不妨在自家花园里的阳光充沛排水良好的角落种上几株。尽管药用鼠尾草是多年生植物,但生长六年后植物容易退化影响风味,建议至少每过四年就重新栽一茬。
今年不幸遇到了新冠疫情,全世界都乱了套。唯一的好处是全家人聚在一起互相陪伴的时间变多了。老公在厨房里煮美食,我在阳台上懒洋洋地晒着太阳,和立在一旁的两个小儿说说笑笑。夏日的小园里飘着各种花草的芬芳,我的心头忽然涌起几分感慨,转过头问老公:“是否感觉时光流逝得太快,还没有尽情品味生活中细碎的温馨和欢乐,光阴的纤纤细手已将我们扯进四十不惑的门槛?”
老公埋头切菜,没有抬眼看我,似漫不经心地答:“下一次去苗圃,能为我带回一束香草吗?只要香芹、鼠尾草,迷迭香或百里香中的一样就行。”
哦,我这几天在电脑上反复播放的《斯卡波罗集市》民歌,他也认认真真地听了,而且悟出了爱情的真道。是的,我们家也需要香草的气息,在空气中弥漫着,以一种最为质朴的味道互相提醒对方:“你就是我的挚爱。”