终于将998页之长的一部小说Shogun《将军》看完了,这是生平读过的最长的一本小说,从图书馆续借了两次,前后总共花了十个星期,以一星期100页左右的速度啃着,因为故事中的人物不少,名字又都是日语的,读到后面忘了前面,故事情节有好几条线,中间读着读着有点漫漫长夜没有尽头的感觉。然而,故事越到后面越精彩,当今天读到最后部分,为好几个人物的心理告白感动几乎落泪时,却已经近尾声。意犹未尽!
一直以来,对日本这样一个比较奇特的民族有过不少困惑。我始终无法将这么谦和、卑躬屈膝的外表和南京大屠杀中惨无人性的日本士兵联系在一起,他们的这种武士道精神,不成功便剖腹自杀的做法一样令人困惑。前些年在教会里,听长老们说起,全世界各地,日本的福音最难传入。再瞧瞧身边的移民,日本裔移民美国的比例也占极少数。为什么日本人选择守着这样一个弹丸之地生活,不愿意离开?
这本书给了我一部分的答案。
故事发生在1600s, 十七世纪初。英国领航员Blackthorne带领五艘船只,四百余人,从荷兰出发,经过麦哲伦海峡,与狂风恶浪搏斗,最后死里逃生,只剩一艘船只、十个人,浅搁在一个日本岛上。他们一小队人连同船只被日本人扣押,无法离开。船上有大量他们一路掠夺过来的金银财宝、携带的枪支弹药,和珍贵的航海秘密、线路等日志。因着Blackthorne丰富的航海经验和知识,又因着他的聪明才智被日本武士郡主Toranaga看重,留在身边,以待后用。Blackthorne在跟随Toranaga的岁月里,亲眼目睹一个反叛首领忍辱负重,卧薪尝胆,最后用计谋以少胜多,反败为胜,一步步向着他的将军梦挺进。
将军,在当时的日本是实际上最大权力拥有者,实权派。书中写到,武士有财政收入(revenue), 而皇家没有,所以这些皇室在某种程度上是仰人鼻息,是傀儡。
小说以一个西方人的视觉看待日本这个社会,囊括了方方面面,经济、政治、历史、文化、宗教、人性和风土人情等,是一部西方人了解日本的教科书。小说有几条线,其中一条线是描述了Blackthorne和日本女翻译官、武士Mariko的爱情故事,赋予了小说的立体感,多面感和复杂情感。
就这么长的一部小说写一篇好的读后感并非易事,我想我也只能就阅读过程中的点滴感受,分享于此。
(一). 日本文化里有了大量的中国文化的渗透。众所周知,中国历史上尤其在唐朝非常强盛,被日本崇尚学习。小说中的很多东西我都能找到中国文化的根源,从最简单的度量单位ri=里,three sticks=三柱香的时间,一天有12个时辰,到风月场 (Floating World), 花柳巷( Willow World) ,pillow (sex=同床共枕), 云雨(the Clouds and the Rain) , 到cha=茶,到禅 (If you want peace you must learn to drink cha from an empty cup.),到儒家思想的渗透。比如,君臣的关系,对君主的愚忠、服从。“君要臣死,臣不得不死;父要子死,子不得不死”的观念等。在当时的日本,郡主可以赐武士死,一家之主操纵着一家老少的生死权,父亲可以有权让儿子女儿去死。女子在家的地位微不足道、命贱如草,要绝对服从丈夫。如丈夫要其死,她不得不死,别无选择。
(二). 东西宗教、文化等方面的冲突
日本人自称自己是civilized, 文明人,有礼仪,有manners,把西洋人称之barbarians, 蛮夷人。但是随着西洋航海技术和航海业的日益发展,葡萄牙人、天主教徒进入日本,他们的到来带动了贸易,改变着世界格局。日本人意识到航海的重要性,枪支弹药的先进性也让日本人刮目相看,耳目一新,从而梦想开拓自己的航海业和武器。但是,一方面日本人倚仗传教士进行贸易,另一方面又从骨子里抵触西方的教义和对其文化的渗入。
日本武士视金钱为粪土,家里的钱财开销由太太掌控,武士只专心侍奉郡主。他们鄙夷洋人的金钱至上,为钱而战,他们只为忠诚而战。“他们无所畏惧,不怕死,如果上级命令他们去死,他们会毫不犹豫地剖腹自杀。他们的杀人和死亡就像我们拉尿一样简单” (They kill and die as easily as we piss.)。正如Mariko曾经告诉Blackthorne的, “爱是基督教里的一个字眼,一个概念,一种理念。我们的字典里没有'爱'这个字,只有职责、忠诚、尊严、尊重、欲望。”
说起日本武士的剖腹,让我想起曾经在张纯如的《南京大屠杀》中读到日本兵对溃败投降后的国民党士兵的懦弱嗤之以鼻。显然,在日本军人眼里,死比苟且活着要有尊严,他们崇尚的剖腹被认为是一种保存尊严的荣耀方式,当他们面临生死的抉择时,他们会选择剖腹死,妻子甚至希望丈夫剖腹,因为在他们的眼里,被郡主赐剖腹死,是一种光荣,而让你苟且活着是一种羞辱。
其实,Blackthorn在刚刚踏上岛屿就领教了日本武士的残忍,杀人不眨眼,一个普通居民稍稍有点不敬,马上人头落地。小说中也写到,在西方人眼里,日本人麻木不仁(consciousless), 尽管表面看上去温和,有礼节,内心深处自大,顽固不化,像是冷血动物。
然而在婚姻观念上,当时的日本又是比较开放的。或许,这种开放自由只局限于男子身上,就像旧中国的妻妾成群、男子可以随便休妻纳妾一样,日本男人(至少书中说的武士) 的地位很高,离婚再婚也很自由,自由到让英国水手羡慕。
小说中的郡王Toranaga有八个妾。他甚至收养别人的遗孀为妾,八个里面其中有一个为他生下儿子后便遁隐农庄。郡主的权利很大,这不仅表现在日常事务中,还表现在他可以主宰下属的婚姻,命令其与某女子结婚,或与妻子离婚,也可以随意赐任何一女子与武士做妻或妾。他们的婚姻、子女的婚姻可以是政治联姻,或许没有爱的基础, 但是可以娶妾、可以离婚。相比较,在西方基督教的影响和约束下,西洋人把离婚当成是道德犯罪(moral sin),死守婚姻,从一而终,这点在日本人眼里觉得不可理喻。(Mistakes happen, people change, that's karma. Foolish to be stuck forever, man or woman. )
小说中出现频率最高的一个词是karma, 宿命论的观点贯穿整部小说。Karma is karma. 人无法与命运抗争,无法逃脱命运的安排,一切自有天意。
(三). 虽然日本武士看上去冷酷无情,然而在男女之情上,又与常人无异。二十一岁年轻的武士Omi爱上高级妓女Kiku, 想娶其为妾。Kiku的美貌倾城倾国,对Omi也一片钟情。她的美曾经打动过郡主Toranaga,但是郡主觉得太漂亮的女人是祸水,故舍弃之。Toranaga明知Omi的感情和意图,没有成全他俩,而是拆散了他们。他告诫Omi,人要自律,要克服七情六欲,忍耐,才能成功。最后Omi为了自己的前程,忍痛割爱,心如死灰,绝尘而去。这段场面和各自的内心独白写得十分隐忍,让人动容。一个妓女,一个风月场女子,再漂亮,也是没有灵魂的躯体,只能笑不能哭,不能拥有爱,不能拥有情感,像浮萍没有根,随浊浪漂移。绝望中,她觉得自己只有今天,只有眼前,没有明天,没有未来。
同样,女武士Mariko爱上英国水手Blackthorne,爱得情深意切,跨国界的爱情故事,一个武士和一个俘虏,从敌意到爱意,两人感情缠绵悱恻。或许这就是人性,不管高低贵贱,不管肤色人种,大有性相近,习相远之意。
作者James Clavell花了四年时间于1975年写成这本小说。虽然作者的语言没有像以前看过的小说如《荆棘鸟》那么精彩,但是已经足以我学习欣赏,从中的收获也绝不止在语言上,他所呈现的那个封建时代的日本,十七世纪初的欧洲,其知识性、历史性、社会性、世界性赋予了这本小说更多的可读性和价值。
Excerpt
She watched his tall, firm stride and would have wept aloud, her heart near breaking, but then, as always, she heard the so-many-times-said words in her memory, kindly spoken, wisely spoken. “Why do you weep, child? We of the Floating World live only for the moment, giving all our time to the pleasures of cherry blossoms and snow and maple leaves, the calling of a cricket, the beauty of the moon, waning and growing and being reborn, singing our songs and drinking cha and sake, knowing perfumes and the touch of silks, caressing for pleasure, and drifting, always drifting. Listen, child: never sad, always drifting as a lily on the current in the stream of life.
He did not look back at her because there was no need. He knew that he had left all his life’s passion, and everything that he had adored, at her feet. He was sure he would never know passion again, the spirit-joining ecstasy that ignited man and woman. But this did not displease him. On the contrary, he thought with a newfound icy clarity, I bless Toranaga for releasing me from servitude. Now nothing binds me. Neither father nor mother nor Kiku. Now I can be patient too. I’m twenty-one. I am almost daimyo of Izu, and I’ve a world to conquer.
Our journey here has brought me more joy than I have the right to expect in twenty life-times.
He saw Kiku coming across the sun-baked courtyard, her little feet in white tabi, almost dancing, so sweet and elegant with her silks and crimson sunshade, the envy of every man in sight. Ah, Kiku, he thought, I cannot afford that envy, so sorry. I can’t afford you in this life, so sorry. You should have remained where you were in the Floating World, courtesan of the First Class. Or even better, gei-sha. What a fine idea that old hag came up with! Then you’d be safe, the property of many, the adored of many, the central point of tragic suicides and violent quarrels and wonderful assignations, fawned on and feared, showered with money that you’d treat with disdain, a legend-while your beauty lasts. But now? Now I can’t keep you, so sorry. Any samurai I give you to as consort takes to his bed a double-edged knife: a complete distraction and the envy of every other man.
To weep lost lovers and lost youth in barrels of sake, watered with tears.
From which life you were born-the rare, sudden flower that appears in the wilderness for no reason other than karma, to blossom quickly and to vanish quickly.
You keep her for the rest of your life, his secret heart told him. She merits it. Don’t fool yourself like you fool others. The truth is you could keep her easily, taking her a little, leaving her a lot, just like your favorite Tetsu-ko, or Kogo. Isn’t Kiku just a falcon to you? Prized yes, unique yes, but just a falcon that you feed from your fist, to fly at a prey and call back with a lure, to cast adrift after a season or two, to vanish forever? Don’t lie to yourself, that’s fatal. Why not keep her? She’s only just another falcon, though very special, very high-flying, very beautiful to watch, but nothing more, rare certainly, unique certainly, and, oh, so pillowable…