重評林语堂译《浮生六记》
林语堂的英译《浮生六记》曾风靡美国,至今仍被视为汉典英译的典范。“重評”也许是胆大妄为。但是,出于对学术的执著及变化中汉典英译探讨的需要,笔者不揣谫陋,姑且一试。知我罪我,相信读者眼睛雪亮,自有公论。
林语堂(1895-1976)是我素所敬仰的文化名人之一。他不仅跻身于现代 “中国文化大师” 之列,且以英文长篇小说《京华烟云》及《吾国吾民》、《生活的艺术》、《苏东坡传》等闻名于西方世界。自1935年始,他的英文著作本本畅销,其中就有沈复的《浮生六记》译本。
沈复(1763-1825)的《浮生六记》是他个人生活的自传体记录,于1847年在苏州的一本书摊上被人发现,并于30年后在上海首次出版。此后,此书在中国重印了30多次,并吸引、早就了众多粉丝。通过翻译成多种外语,包括英语、法语、德语、丹麦语、荷兰语、西班牙语、希伯来语、俄语、韩语和日语,这本书在国外也颇受欢迎。
《浮生六记》的第一个英文译本就是林语堂的Six Chapters of a Floating Life(上海,1935年)。林语堂自幼上以英文教学的教会学堂,并拥有哈佛大学的英语硕士学位(1919)和德国莱比锡大学(Universität Leipzig)哲学博士学位(1923),英文水平自不必多说。由于林先生非常喜欢这本书,因此他在出版前还对译文作了十次修订,应该说是呕心沥血之作。
由于林语堂在文化史上的重要地位,他的中英文著作都受人尊重,甚至于吹捧。不少人认为林语堂的中英文写作水平是一流的, “林的中文好到无法翻成英文,他的英文也好到无法翻译成中文。两者都已是炉火纯青:‘缺少可译性’,是文之至美。” 他的译作更被视为汉典英译的典范。
这样一来,“重评”成爲一个巨大的挑战。为慎重起见,这里的重评,除了依賴本人自上世紀末開始參加司馬遷《史記》的英譯以及自己的幾本漢譯英項目中取得的經驗,還以对比另外两个《浮生六记》译本为依据。
第二部完整的英译本,Six Records of a Floating Life, 是由伦纳德·普拉特(Leonard Pratt)和蒋苏慧(Su-Hui Chiang)译,纽约维京(Viking)出版社1983年出版(然后由企鹅经典出版社重新发行)。此前虽有雪莉· 布莱克(Shirley M. Black)的译本《浮生六记:中国艺术家的自传》,由牛津大学出版社1960年出版,但那并不是完整的翻译,而是省略了许多与参观寺庙和风景名胜有关的情节以及与文学批评、园艺和植物学有关的部分内容。另外,布莱克将书中故事按照自己的理解做了重新排列。
第三部英译本是桑德斯(Graham Sanders) 的 Six Records of a Life Adrift, 2011年由哈克特出版公司(Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.)出版。此书使用汉语拼音,其中还有许多有用的附录。
相比较而言,愚以为桑德斯(Sanders)的新书是迄今为止最接近原著、也就是最准确的英文翻译。 林语堂的翻译通常也相当准确和接近原著,但为了帮助读者理解,他不时添加一些原文中并不存在的词句。因此,他的翻译通常是“随意的”, 即“意译”, 而非“直译”。 Pratt和Chiang的译本比林译本更接近原著,因为其目标是提供一个以已故的余囯藩(Anthony C. Yu)教授的话来说 “对原著最为忠实”(Pratt和Chiang的简介,第15页)的译本。但是,通过阅读桑德斯的新书并对比前两种译本,我不得不说,桑德斯的翻译更加忠于原著。似乎只有桑德斯的翻译才无愧于余囯藩的评论。
下面仅选取三段加以对比:
片段 1: 余年十三,随母归宁。两小无嫌,得见所作,虽叹其才思隽秀,窃恐其福泽不深 (选自第一章)。
林: When I was thirteen years old, I went with my mother to her maiden home and there we met. As we were two young innocent children, she allowed me to read her poems. I was quite struck by her talent, but feared that she was too clever to be happy.
Pratt & Chiang: When I was thirteen, my mother took me along on a visit to her relatives. That was the first time I met my cousin Yün, and we two children got on well together. I had a chance to see her poems that day, and though I sighed at her brilliance I privately feared she was too sensitive to be completely happy in life.
在林语堂的翻译中,第一句话末尾的“we met(我们相遇)” 从原始文本中找不到。在第二句话中,林改变了主语,因此“我能够看她的诗”变成“她允许我看她的诗”。在最后一句话中,林省去或漏译了 “窃”字,他将 “福泽“ 翻译成“to be happy(幸福)”显然也是不准确的。普拉特和蒋也改变了第一句话的主题。第二句话中的“那是我第一次遇见我的堂兄Yün”也不见于原文。此外,他们将归宁翻译为“拜访她的亲戚”,完全错了;把”才思隽秀“译为“brilliance”,也不准确。
桑德斯对这段文字的翻译为:
When I was thirteen, during a trip with my mother to visit her side of the family, Yun and I got along famously, and I was even able to see some of the poems she wrote. I sighed aloud over her talent and elegance of expression, but I secretly worried that her exceptional talent might mean that her good fortune would not last.
桑德斯的翻译遵循原文的句子结构,他对“才思隽秀”和“福泽不深”的翻译更能令人接受。
片段 2: 古语云 「奸近杀」,虫亦然耶?(选自第二章)
林: “The wages of sin is death.” So says an ancient proverb, and I wondered whether it was true of the insects also.
Pratt & Chiang: The ancients said, ‘Rapists deserve death.’ I wonder, was this why the insects were eaten by the toad?
Sanders: The old saying has it that “rape is close to killing.” Could this be true to the insects as well?
林语堂的“The wages of sin is death.(奸近杀)”演绎显然是随意的,虽然便于西人理解;他还将原来的疑问句改为叙述句。普拉特(Pratt)和蒋(Chiang)错误地将奸淫译为“强奸犯”,并加上“这就是蟾蜍吃昆虫的原因吗?” 完全没有必要。只有桑德斯(Sanders)没有改变原文句子的结构,他的翻译最接近中文文本。
片段 3: 一日,芸问曰: 「各种古文,宗何为是?」 余曰: 「《国策》、《南华》取其灵快,匡衡、刘向取其雅健,史迁、班固取其博大,昌黎取其浑,柳州取其峭,庐陵取其宕,三苏取其辩。」 (选自第一章)
林: One day Yün asked me, “Of all the ancient authors, which one should we regard as the master?” And I replied: “Chankuots’eh and Chuangtzu are noted for their agility of the thought and expressiveness of style, K’uang Heng and Liu Hsiang are known for their classic severity, Ssuma Ch’ien and Pan Ku are known for their breadth of knowledge, Han Yu is known for his mellow qualities, Liu Tsungyuan for his rugged beauty, Ouyang Hsiu for his romantic abandon, and the Su’s, father and sons, are known for their sustained eloquence.”
Pratt & Chiang: One day Yün asked me, “Of all the ancient literary masters, who do you think is the best?” The Annals of the Warring States and Chuang Tsu are known for their liveliness,’ I replied, “Kuang Heng and Liu Hsiang are known for their elegance. Shih Chien and Pan Ku are known for their breadth. Changli is known for his extensive knowledge, and Liu Chou for his vigorous style. Lu Ling is known for his originality, and Su Hsün and his two sons for their essays.
严格地说,林语堂对第一句话的翻译是错误的。“古文” 显然不是“古代作家”,并且根据上下文,“宗何为是“不是在问“我们应该把哪个当作宗师”,而是问 ”师宗哪家为是“。“取其” 不应译为“noted for their (以著称)”,而应译为 “to take their” (“吸取其”),即从《战国策》和《南华真经》(《庄子》)中吸取他们的灵快;从匡衡和刘向的作品中,汲取他们的雅健。更不幸的是,普拉特(Pratt)和蒋(Chiang)照搬了林语堂所有这些错误的翻译,而这段文字的其余翻译甚至更糟。相比之下,Sanders的以下翻译大部分是正确的:
Sanders: One day, Yun asked me, “Of all the works of classical prose, which would make the best model to follow?” “Well,” I replied, “I would borrow from the cleverness of the Schemes of the Warring States and Zhuangzi, the elegance of Kuang Heng and Liu Xiang, the erudition of Sima Qian and Ban Gu, the rusticity of Han Yu and austerity of Liu Zongyuan, the ease of Ouyang Xiu, and the disputation of the Three Sus.”
当然,桑德斯(Sanders)的翻译是在前人译作(包括林译)基础之上进行的,但他的翻译也并不完美。如上文所述,他对第二段中的 “奸近杀” 的翻译是“rape is close to killing”(强奸接近杀身),其实应该译成 “adultery is close to killing,”(通奸接近杀身),与“gambling is close to robbery”(赌近盗)对称。因为 ”奸“ 不仅仅指强奸,还指通常会导致谋杀或死亡的所有类型的通奸。在第三段中,“灵快” 应译为“agility and cleverness” (敏捷和聪明),而不仅仅是“cleverness”;(聪明); “雅健” 应为“elegance and vigor” ,而不仅仅是“elegance” 。
虽然我们不可能对比所有译文,但从整体上就其准确性而言,桑德斯(Sanders)对沈复《浮生六记》的新译本是迄今为止最好的。对今天的读者来说,林语堂译本已不是最佳选择。虽然有人会说林是“不拘泥于具体的字句,而是追求整体内容与意境上的忠实”,而且 “意译” 和“直译” 孰优孰劣,也是见仁见智,众口不一。但是,近年汉典英译的趋势是追求准确精美,而非仅仅是粗略“达意”了。
戳这里 Claim your page
来源: 文学城-牟山雁