坚韧、热情、绿色：世行中国局局长见证中国发展

这是一位对中国三十多年来的发展既有个人观察、又有宏观分析的环境工程师；这是2008年汶川地震后世界银行支持地震恢复与重建贷款项目的负责人，也是用刺绣来记录参与灾后重建历程的普通母亲，还是同年在骄阳下为人指路答疑的北京奥运会志愿者。

她就是华玛雅，现任世界银行中国局局长，一位拥有20多年发展实践经验的环境工程师，曾在中国、菲律宾、土耳其、马拉维等多国工作。日前，在接受中国日报专访时，她分享了自己在中国的所见所闻所思。 

She is an environmental engineer with more than 20 years of development experience and has worked in China, the Philippines, Turkiye, Malawi and other countries. She has a deep insight into China’s development over the past 30 years. She is the World Bank official who was in charge of the Wenchuan Earthquake Recovery Project (2009-14) after the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and recorded her post-quake observations in an embroidered diary and, later in the same year, served as a volunteer for the Beijing Summer Olympic Games.

Meet Mara Warwick, now the World Bank country director for China. A few days ago, in an exclusive interview with China Daily, Warwick shared her experience of and insight into China.

1993年是她第一次来中国，她从香港乘坐了三四个小时的火车来到广州，而如今这段行程高铁最快大约45分钟就可以抵达。她提到，当她出站时，“被火车站广场上熙熙攘攘的农民工大军震撼了，从来没见过这么多人在一起，成千上万的人。”华玛雅来自澳大利亚，这个面积约760万平方公里的国度当年总人口还不到2000万。

“这离邓小平南巡后不到两年，”华玛雅说，“那时候起农村人口开始加速向城市流动，中国的工业化进程也开始加快了。”她表示，中国改革开放以来，GDP增长了约40倍，人均收入增长了约30倍，超过8亿人脱离绝对贫困，占到了全世界同期减贫人口的四分之三，这是伟大的经济发展成果。而这些农民工还有其他建设者一起，都是中国工业化进程中功不可没的重要力量。

她提到，即使在90年代初，当身材高大的她和朋友在中国街头散步时，有时还能引起路人围观。而改革开放以来，中国普通民众的生活水平确实普遍提高了，其中一个表现就是年轻一代越来越健康，个子也越来越高了，“这说明中国人摄入的营养越来越好了。”

华玛雅提到，在90年代她到山东的时候，发现当地人都储存很多大白菜，那是他们在寒冷的冬天里唯一的蔬菜。“但时代变了，现在人们即使在冬天也可以有各种各样的食材，”华玛雅说。她表示，中国的发展惠及了很多普通人，不管是在城市还是农村，居住条件都有了很大改善，特别是城市都变得更加宜居。

She first visited China in 1993. To reach Guangzhou, her first destination on the Chinese mainland, she boarded a train from Hong Kong which took more than three hours to complete the journey — today, the same distance can be covered in 45 minutes thanks to high-speed trains.

The first sight that caught her attention on the mainland “was a large plaza in front of the railway station”. It was full of “people, migrant workers who had come from rural areas to Guangzhou, thousands of people. I had never seen so many people in one place.”

Warwick is from Australia, a country of about 7.6 million square kilometers, which had a population of less than 20 million at that time. “It was less than two years after Deng Xiaoping’s Southern Tour,” Warwick said. Since then, the migration of rural people to cities accelerated, along with China’s “industrialization process”.

Since the launching of reform and opening-up, China’s GDP has increased by about 40 times, per capita income of China has increased almost 30 times during that period, and more than 800 million people have been lifted out of absolute poverty, Warwick said. This is a “great achievement of economic development”, accounting for three quarters of the world’s poverty reduction. Incidentally, the migrant workers, together with all other workers, became an important part of China’s industrial development.

She said that even in the early 1990s, when she and her friends visited China, they attracted the gaze of passers-by on the streets because they looked like “foreign giants”.

Thanks to reform and opening-up, the living standards of ordinary people in the country have generally improved. One of the manifestations of the economic development is that the younger generation is getting increasingly healthier and taller. “They’re healthier than they were 30 years ago because of better nutrition.”

In the 1990s when she visited Shandong province, she saw local residents storing lots of Chinese cabbage, the only vegetable they could get during the cold winter months. “But things have changed a lot; people today have more varieties of food even in winter,” she said. China’s development has benefited millions of ordinary people, both in cities and rural areas, and helped greatly improve people’s living conditions. Especially, cities have become more livable, she said.

2003年，华玛雅加入世界银行。三年后她作为城市环境专家来到中国任职。

2008年5月12日，汶川大地震发生，震级八级，震中位于四川省汶川县，超过6.9万人遇难，四川的汶川、北川等县受灾严重，全国多地震感强烈。

一方有难，八方支援。汶川特大地震灾害后3年多里，仅四川受灾县用于恢复重建和发展重建的资金就达到1.7万亿元。世界银行在汶川地震恢复与重建贷款项目上提供了7.1亿美元贷款，支持中国政府的汶川地震灾后恢复重建总体规划。汶川地震恢复与重建贷款项目分别为四川５.１亿美元，甘肃２亿美元，重点用于公路、桥梁、供水、污水和垃圾处理及医疗卫生设施的恢复重建，甘肃子项目还包括教育设施的重建。

华玛雅介绍说，世行的项目是中国政府灾后重建项目的一小部分，世行的团队主要是和省政府及地方政府展开合作。在灾后一个月，她和团队到了北川擂鼓镇，到处都是瓦砾，满目疮痍，在擂鼓镇那里支起了很多帐篷，很多北川及附近的人们在这里暂时居住。她表示，中国政府的救援非常有效率。

令她至今难忘的是，当地一位年轻的基层财政官员陪同他们考察调研，四处奔走谈话，后来她才告诉华玛雅，她在地震中失去了她年仅七岁的女儿。这让当年同样有一个七岁女儿的华玛雅深感触动。

“虽然她个人的经历非常惨痛，但是她还是在为当地社会努力工作。”华玛雅提到，正是像这位基层官员一样的众多人的共同努力，才使得当地政府得以尽快推动灾后恢复重建。热衷刺绣的她，把地震及灾后让她感动的事情都一幕幕绣下来，包括那位在地震中失去一条腿但是后来在当年残奥会开幕式起舞的姑娘，“这体现了中国人民的坚强。”

华玛雅表示，世界银行不仅帮助中国借鉴灾害管理和应对方面的国际经验和成功做法，也把中国进行灾后恢复重建的成功经验与其他国家分享。面对天灾，重要的就是预防，以及提高减灾防灾意识。自2009年起，中国把每年的5月12日设立为全国防灾减灾日。“15年来，中国在预防和减灾上有了很大进步，”华玛雅表示，“政府也采取各种措施减少风险，尽量让民众不因灾返贫。”

Warwick joined the World Bank in 2003. Three years later, she came to China again as an urban environmental expert.

         

The devastating magnitude 8 earthquake that hit Sichuan province on May 12, 2008, with its epicenter in Wenchuan county, claimed more than 69,000 lives. The quake and aftershocks severely affected people’s lives in Wenchuan, Beichuan and other parts of Sichuan.

         

In more than three years after the Wenchuan earthquake, the disaster-stricken counties in Sichuan alone spent 1.7 trillion yuan ($246 billion) on restoration, reconstruction and development. The World Bank provided a loan of $710 million under the Wenchuan Earthquake Recovery and Reconstruction Loan Program to support the Chinese government’s post-quake recovery and reconstruction plan.

The World Bank’s loan was $510 million for Sichuan and $200 million for Gansu province, and focused on the restoration and reconstruction of roads, bridges, water supply pipelines, sewage and garbage disposal, as well as medical and health facilities. The Gansu subproject also included education facilities.

         

Warwick said the World Bank project was a small part of China’s post-disaster reconstruction plan, and the World Bank team mainly cooperated with provincial and local governments. One month after the disaster, she and her team visited Leigu town in Beichuan which was covered in rubble. Many people from Beichuan and nearby places lived temporarily in the tents set up in Leigu, she said, adding that the Chinese government’s rescue plan was efficient.

What Warwick still cannot forget is her experience with a young local finance department officer who accompanied her on her walks and kept talking about recovery and reconstruction in Wenchuan and other places. What really moved Warwick, who also had a seven-year old daughter at the time, is the young finance officer telling her that she had lost her daughter in the quake.

         

“Even amid such a personal tragedy, she was working tirelessly for her community. She was one of those people who helped the local government to move forward with the recovery” and reconstruction plan, she said. The joint efforts of grassroots workers like the young finance officer and others enabled the local government to promote post-quake recovery and reconstruction.

Warwick loves embroidery, and embroidered all the things that moved her after the quake, including the girl who lost a leg in the natural disaster but danced at the opening ceremony of the Paralympic Games in Beijing that year. “This reflects the resilience of the Chinese people.”

         

Warwick said the World Bank not only helps China learn from international experience and successful practices in disaster management and response, but also shares China’s successful post-disaster recovery and reconstruction experience with other countries. The most important thing is to spread the knowledge of how to reduce the effects of, and be prepared to deal with natural disasters.

         

Since 2009, China has observed May 12 as the National Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day. “In 15 years, China has made great strides in disaster prevention and preparedness,” Warwick said, adding that it’s important for the government to reduce disaster risks, but it also important to take measures to prevent people from falling back into poverty following natural disasters.

或许是受到了汶川地震中各种志愿者的鼓舞，在2008年北京奥运会举办之际，华玛雅利用个人休假时间，成为了一名志愿者。骄阳似火，她与年轻人一起，在国家体育馆（鸟巢）外给陌生人指路答疑等，“作为沟通的桥梁非常重要”。这种国际交流对增进相互理解也非常有益。她回忆说，有时“鸟巢”里的比赛并没有中国队的比赛，但是赛场里依然欢呼雀跃，这让她感受到中国观众的这种热情。   

与2008年夏季奥运会相比，2022年的冬奥会更加凸显了“绿色”发展理念。

华玛雅肯定了这折射出的中国的发展转型。她认为，中国过去40多年发展迅速，但是在一些地方是以环境为代价的。然而现在的绿色发展理念，强调人与自然和谐共生，强调生物多样性保护等，也让中国的发展更加可持续。中国的“双碳”目标也是中国应对气候变化的承诺与贡献。

         
而世界银行在中国的项目也更多聚焦帮助当地应对气候变化、减少污染等，比如在陕西省、湖北省、浙江宁波及重庆市等多地都有减少塑料垃圾的项目。

       
不仅是气候变化、环境保护，世界银行愿意继续和中国相互交流学习，支持中国试验新政策、新改革来完成既定目标，华玛雅表示。

Perhaps inspired by the volunteers during the Wenchuan earthquake, Warwick herself became a volunteer for the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. Under the scorching sun, together with young people, she guided people near the National Stadium (Bird’s Nest) to their destination and answered their questions.

         

“I think volunteers are very important in that kind of international event. Our role was really to provide a bridge between the international spectators and athletes, and the local authorities and the organizers of the Olympics,” she said.

Such international exchanges are also conducive to enhancing mutual understanding. She recalled that even when the Chinese team was not participating in any event at the Bird’s Nest, she could still hear spectators cheering athletes, which made her feel the enthusiasm of the Chinese audience.

         

Compared with the 2008 Summer Olympics, the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics highlighted the concept of “green” development, reflecting the transformation of China’s development.

         

The World Bank’s projects in China is in line with the trend to emphasize green development.

Although China has developed at a rapid pace over the past 40 years, in some places development has come at the expense of the environment, Warwick said. But the current trend of green development in China that emphasizes the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, and the preservation of biodiversity, has made China’s development more eco-friendly. And the climate goals of peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 reflect China’s commitment and contribution to fighting climate change.

The World Bank’s projects in China now focus more on helping local people cope with climate change and reduce pollution. For example, there are projects to reduce plastic waste in Shaanxi and Hubei provinces, Chongqing municipality, and the port city of Ningbo in Zhejiang province.

         

Besides climate change and environmental protection, “I hope the World Bank will be able to continue to play this facilitation role and continue to not only learn from China, but also support China as it experiments with the new policies and new reforms and tries to achieve these goals,” Warwick said.

记者：朱萍

拍摄：赵满丰  潘宜萱

视频剪辑：赵满丰