是自然保护区，也是人类居住区：生物多样性保护的“中国方案”

建立自然保护地是保护自然的世界通行做法，加强自然保护地体系建设是全球生物多样性保护的一项重要任务。据联合国环境署规划署与世界自然保护联盟于2021年发布的《保护地球报告》，目前全球42%的自然保护地面积是在2010年至2020年期间新增的，这成为2010年爱知生物多样性目标中，少数得以部分现实的行动之一，为生物多样性保护提供了更有力的保障，也给人类社会带来更大惠益。

Building protected areas is a common practice and an important way of protecting biodiversity. According to the Protected Planet Report 2020 by the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Union for Conservation of Nature, 42 percent of the area now marked protected and conserved worldwide was added during the period from 2010 to 2020, making it one of the few goals of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets to have been partially realized. It lays a solid foundation for biodiversity conservation and brings huge benefits to humanity.

中国自1992年签署《生物多样性公约》以来，积极履行缔约方义务，持续加强自然保护地体系建设。自《建立国家公园体制总体方案》和《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的指导意见》分别于2017年、2019年发布以来，建设具有中国特色的国家公园体制和自然保护地体系得以稳步推进。截至2020年底，中国共建立各类自然保护地1.18万个，占陆域国土面积的18%，提前达到了“2020年爱知目标”所提出的17%目标。以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系，在全民共享和万物共生方面发挥的积极作用日益明显，既是中国特色国家公园体制和自然保护地体系建设的目标和基本遵循，也体现了体制和体系建设的成果。

图片来源：中国日报

在全民共享方面，已建立的自然保护地正在成为广大公众的自然课堂、游憩圣地、精神家园。2021年，进入的公众数量多达20亿人次。首批设立的三江源、大熊猫、东北虎豹、武夷山、海南热带雨林等5个国家公园开展了自然教育活动，组织中小学生走进国家公园，感受原生态之美，进行自然探索和生态体验活动，系统学习生态保护知识。西双版纳、鄱阳湖、鼎湖山等绝大多数自然保护区都开展了生态旅游活动，组织游客到自然保护区试验区，享受、了解、研究自然景观、野生动植物及其相关文化特征。森林公园、湿地公园、地质公园等自然公园提供了观赏、文化和自然体验服务，成为公众周末和节假日休憩和愉悦的首选场合。全民共享满足了广大公众不断增长的生态产品与服务需求，助力提升公众的生态保护意识和能力。

The natural protected areas are attracting more and more people to enjoy the beauty of nature and relax both physically and spiritually. In 2021, more than 2 billion visits were made to the country's protected areas. In the first batch of five national parks－namely the Three-River-Source National Park, the Wuyishan National Park, the Giant Panda National Park, the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park and the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park－teenagers have the opportunity to relish the primitive beauty and wonders of nature and learn about ecological conservation.

In many protected areas, such as the Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve and Poyang Lake, ecotourism has been thriving, with tourists flocking to relax in the lap of nature. Other nature reserves such as forest parks, wetland parks and geological parks are also attracting people to have close contacts with nature during weekends and holidays. The growing diversified green services and products provided by protected areas have raised citizens' awareness of ecological conservation.

在万物共生方面，已建立的自然保护地有效保护了90%的植被系统和陆地生态系统、85%的国家重点保护野生动植物种群，成为野生动植物的乐土、福地和家园。在首批设立的5个国家公园内，大熊猫、东北虎、东北豹、海南黑冠长臂猿、白唇鹿等国家珍稀濒危野生动物种群数量稳步上升，大黄花虾脊兰、海南苏铁、坡垒等国家一级保护野生植物得以首次发现或有效保护。

In terms of biodiversity conservation, China's protected areas have brought 90 percent of terrestrial ecosystem types and 85 percent of key State-protected wildlife specifies under effective protection. The first batch of five national parks are sanctuaries for rare animals such as giant pandas, Siberian tigers, Amur leopard, black crested gibbon, and white-lipped deer, as well as key State-protected wild plants such as Cycas hainanensis and Hopea hainanensis.

图片来源：中国日报

作为中国唯一亚洲象分布地区的云南省，西双版纳、纳版河、南滚河自然保护区为核心象群提供了关键栖息地，为象群数量从1975年的150多头增长至当前的360余头，发挥了不可或缺的重要支持作用。自然公园内鸟语花香，山清水秀，成为人与野生动植物共同家园的缩影。万物共生保障了野生动植物的健康生息和持续繁衍，也为尊重自然、爱护自然、保护自然提供了方向引领。

成果的取得得益于中国坚持以人民为中心推进生态文明建设，坚持“生态红线”和空间用途管制不动摇，坚持发挥特色体制优势集中力量办大事；为国际社会，特别是发展中国家，在面临人口增长、城市化进程加快、经济发展导致资源环境压力上升时，如何建立健全生物多样性保护体系，提供了“中国方案”，也将丰富“构建人类生命共同体”的“中国故事”。

These achievements can be credited to China's consistent efforts to build an ecological civilization, including its adhering to an ecological "redline" strategy, and leveraging its advantage in mobilizing resources to accomplish major initiatives. These achievements have offered the global community, especially developing countries, which are plagued by resources and environmental constraints caused by fast-growing population, urbanization and economic development, a solution to conserving biodiversity and building a shared future for all life on Earth.

在全球范围内，无论是美国的黄石国家公园，还是德国的凯勒森林-埃德湖国家公园、坦桑尼亚的塞伦盖蒂国家公园，都是无人区，公园内没有人居住。然而，中国的国家公园、自然保护区不仅不是无人区，还都有大量的人口居住。比如，三江源国家公园内的牧民多达6.4万人、16621户。据2013年的一项调查，中国自然保护区内的居住人口多达1000万人。

Some world-famous national parks, such as the Yellowstone National Park in the United States, Kellerwald-Edersee National Park in Germany and Serengeti National Park in Tanzania, are uninhabited. But in China, national parks and nature reserves are home to a large number of human residents. In the Three-River-Source National Park, for example, there are more than 60,000 herdsmen from 16,000 households. And a survey in 2013 found that China's nature reserves were home to more than 10 million people.

图片来源：中国日报

由此可见，中国的自然保护地是以生物多样性保护、大自然展示和生态文化传承为基本功能，致力于打造成为人与自然和谐共生的示范区，自然保护与绿色发展高度统筹的生态经济特区。以武夷山国家公园为例，在国家公园管理局提供的技术支持下，区内农户种植和生产生态茶，实现比区周边农户更高的收入，成为当地率先富起来的人，实践了自然保护与绿色发展的协同共进。

As such, the country's protected areas are intended to protect not only ecosystems, natural scenery and biodiversity, but also cultural relics within each region, and serve as ecological demonstration zones where human and nature coexist harmoniously, and economic development doesn't come at the expense of biodiversity. One such example is Wuyishan National Park where local farmers' incomes have increased through growing eco-friendly tea, with technical support from the park's administration.

中国的自然保护地不仅是建设在国有土地上，还包括大量由农村人口共同拥有的集体土地，特别是集体林地，以保障自然生态系统的原真性和完整性。为保障集体林主的权益，自然保护地管理单位须与相关的农村社区签署“委托代管协议”，即须得到农村社区的同意，才能将集体林纳入自然保护地。纳入自然保护地的集体林被作为生态公益林管理，不能用来生产木材，由此导致的集体林主损失通过公益林生态效益补偿制度予以弥补。例如2018年建立的钱江源国家公园内的集体林比重高达80.3%，涉及21个行政村，全部与管理局签订了协议，由浙江省财政提供生态补偿金，补偿标准实行动态增长。

责编：宋平 刘夏

编辑：张钊

实习生：钱正寒