法律翻译 |《法与经济学杂志》第55卷第4期

译者 | 鲁安妮 复旦大学 LL.B.

一审 | LYJ NUS LL.M.

二审 | 富   扬 北京师范大学法律硕士

编辑 | 陈珏雯 西南政法大学本科

         扎恩哈尔 新疆农业大学本科

责编 | 冀翰韬 伊利诺伊大学香槟分校LL.M.

The Journal of Law and Economics, Volume 55, Number 4 | November 2012

《法与经济学杂志》第55卷第4期

Copyright Protection, Technological Change, and the Quality of New Products: Evidence from Recorded Music since Napster

版权保护、技术变革与新产品质量：以Napster软件创建以来的录制音乐为证据

Joel Waldfogel

While some recent technological changes reduced revenue for digital products, other changes reduced the costs of bringing creative works to market. Therefore, we do not know whether copyright protection now provides weaker incentives to bring forth new products. This paper assesses the quality of new recorded music since Napster was established in 1999. First, I create an index of high-quality music from critics’ retrospective lists. Next, I rely on music sales and airplay data, using the idea that if one vintage’s music is better than another’s, its superior quality should generate higher sales or greater airplay through time, after accounting for depreciation. I find no evidence of a reduction in the quality of music released since 1999, and the two usage-based indices suggest an increase since then. Researchers and policy makers thinking about the strength of copyright protection should supplement their attention to producer surplus with concern for consumer surplus.

尽管最近的一些技术变革致使数字产品收益日益减少，另一些变革同时也降低了将创意作品推向市场的成本。因此，目前我们尚不清楚既有版权保护对新产品创作的激励作用是否有所减弱。本文对1999 年 Napster 软件创建以来的新录制音乐的质量进行了评估。首先，本文基于音乐评论家的回顾性列表（retrospective lists）构建了高质量音乐指数。其次，本文利用音乐销售和播放数据，基于如下理念展开分析：如某一时期的音乐质量优于另一时期，在考虑“折旧”因素后，其优越的质量应随时间推移而产生更高的销售额或更多的播放量。研究发现，没有任何证据表明自 1999 年以来发行的音乐质量有所降低，两个基于使用情况的指数反而表明音乐质量有所提高。研究人员和政策制定者在考虑版权保护力度时，不仅应关注生产者剩余，还应关注消费者剩余。

（图片来源于网络）

Where Are Limited Liability Companies Formed? An Empirical Analysis

有限责任公司在哪里成立：一项实证分析

Jens Dammann and Matthias Schündeln

We empirically study formation-state choices of limited liability companies (LLCs). Most firms in our large sample of almost 20,000 LLCs are formed in the state where their principal place of business is located. As their size increases, firms become more likely to be formed outside that state, with Delaware emerging as the primary destination for LLCs that are not formed in the state of the principal place of business. We demonstrate that substantive law matters when LLCs choose their formation state. Limited liability companies are less likely to incorporate locally if their home state offers lax norms for minority-investor protection or creditor-friendly rules for veil piercing. In addition to contributing to the debate on regulatory competition in the law, this paper has implications for theoretical debates pertaining to choice of law in veil-piercing cases, the role of default rules, and the relationship between corporations and LLCs.

我们对有限责任公司（LLCs）选择的成立地进行了实证分析。在近20,000家LLCs的样本中，大部分公司选择在其主营业地所在州注册成立。然而，随着规模的扩大，公司选择在其他州成立的可能性增加，其中特拉华州成为了不在主营业地所在州成立的LLCs的首选目的地。本文证实，LLCs选择成立地时，实体法是关键考量因素。如公司所在州对少数股东保护的规定较为宽松，或者对揭开公司面纱采取了有利于债权人的规则，则LLCs在当地注册的可能性就会降低。本文不仅对法律层面监管竞争的争议有所助益，还对揭开公司面纱案件中的法律选择、缺省规则（default rules）的作用以及股份有限公司和有限责任公司的关系等理论争议产生影响。

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Holdout: Existence, Information, and Contingent Contracting

“敲竹杠”问题：存在、信息与相机契约

Sean M. Collins and R. Mark Isaac

The holdout problem permeates policy discussions of legal issues involving bargaining for land acquisition and more broadly impacts multilateral bargaining between agents. Laboratory experiments investigate the scope of the holdout problem. The research strategy incorporates as treatment variables available information and the exposure problem arising from the unavailability of contingent contracts. An examination reveals that holdout can reliably produce large inefficiencies and lost opportunities for mutually advantageous trade. The introduction of contingent contracts facilitates successful bargaining. However, buyers are not made significantly better off by contingent contracts.

在围绕土地收购谈判相关法律议题的政策性讨论中，“敲竹杠”（hold-out）问题十分常见，且对代理人间的多边谈判产生影响。本文采用实验室实验法研究了“敲竹杠”问题的范围，将可获取的信息和由于无法达成相机契约（contingent contracts）[1]产生的风险敞口作为变量。研究表明，“敲竹杠”将会导致效率大幅降低，以及双方错失互利的交易机会。引入相机契约有助于促成成功的谈判，但对买方收益的提高并不明显。

[1]译者注：相机契约的目的在于将交易中不确定的部分置于一旁，待日后不确定的因素解决后，再来解决这部分问题。

Management of Knowledge Workers

知识型员工的管理

Hans K. Hvide and Eirik Gaard Kristiansen

We study how firm-specific complementary assets and intellectual property rights affect the management of knowledge workers. The main results show when a firm will wish to sue workers who leave with innovative ideas and the effects of complementary assets on wages and on worker initiative. We show that firms protected weakly by complementary assets must sue leaving workers in order to obtain positive profits. Moreover, firms with more complementary assets pay higher wages and have lower rates of turnover, but the higher pay has a detrimental effect on worker initiative. Finally, our analysis suggests that strengthening firms’ property rights protection reduces turnover costs but weakens worker initiative.

本文探讨了企业特定的互补性资产[2]和知识产权如何影响对知识型员工的管理。主要结果表明，企业何时会起诉带着创新想法离职的员工，以及互补性资产对薪酬和员工积极性的影响。本文发现，互补性资产不足的企业必须起诉离职员工才能获得利润。此外，拥有更多互补性资产的企业能支付更高的薪酬，且员工流失率更低，但更高的薪酬却对员工积极性产生负面影响。最后，本文分析指出，企业知识产权保护的加强降低了员工流失产生的成本，但也削弱了员工的积极性。

（图片来源于网络）

[2]译者注：互补性资产是指核心技术创新商业化所必须的其他能力或资产。

Human Capital Accumulation and the Expansion of Women’s Economic Rights

人力资本的积累与妇女经济权利的扩大

Rick Geddes, Dean Lueck, and Sharon Tennyson

Between 1850 and 1920, most U.S. states enacted laws expanding the rights of married women to own and control their separate property and to own their market earnings. The economic approach to property rights implies that as married women gain economic rights, the incentive to invest in girls’ human capital will rise. This prediction is tested by examining the impact of these legal changes on girls’ school attendance rates relative to boys’. State-level census data are used to examine the effects of these changes on school attendance among all school-aged children. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series data are used to examine their effect on school attendance among children ages 15–19, who are just beyond compulsory schooling ages. Consistent with hypothesized effects, the empirical analysis shows that expanding women’s economic rights resulted in higher relative rates of school attendance by girls and had the largest effect on the 15–19 age group.

1850年至1920年间，美国大多数州都颁布法律，扩大了已婚妇女对个人财产的所有权和控制权以及对市场收入的所有权。根据产权经济学理论，随着已婚妇女获得更多的经济权利，对女童人力资本的投资积极性将会增加。本文通过研究法律变化对女童入学率相对于男童的影响来验证这一预测。本文利用州一级的人口普查数据来研究这些法律变化对所有学龄儿童入学率的影响，同时还利用整合公共微观数据库（IPUMS）的数据来研究这些法律变化对15至19岁儿童入学率的影响，这一年龄段的儿童刚刚超出义务教育的年龄范围。与预期效应相符，实证分析表明，妇女经济权利的扩大使得女童入学率相对提高，且对15至19岁年龄组的影响最为显著。

High-Tech Entrepreneurship

高科技创业

Serguey Braguinsky, Steven Klepper, and Atsushi Ohyama

Whereas most start-ups are in low-tech industries, we apply a novel strategy to a data set of scientists and engineers to focus predominantly on high-tech entrepreneurs. We develop a simple model in which the rewards from entrepreneurship are determined by the interaction of ability, the quality of the entrepreneurial idea, and experience in employment. As is consistent with the model, we find that the average return to entrepreneurship is positive, higher paid workers are more likely to become entrepreneurs, especially at younger ages, and greater pre-entry labor market experience is associated with longer tenure but lower earnings in entrepreneurship.

大多数初创企业都属于低技术行业，而本文采用了一种新颖的策略，分析科学家和工程师的数据集，重点关注高科技领域的创业者。本文构建了一个简单的模型，其中，创业收益由能力、创业理念的质量与从业经验三者相互作用决定。与该模型一致，研究结果表明，创业的平均收益为正值，高薪员工尤其是年轻的高薪员工更有可能成为创业者；同时，拥有更多工作经验的创业者在行业中能坚持更久，但创业收益也会更低。

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Why the Police Have an Effect on Violent Crime After All: Evidence from the British Crime Survey

警察为何影响暴力犯罪：以英国的犯罪调查为证据

Ben Vollaard and Joseph Hamed

We present evidence that the use of police statistics as a source of crime data can seriously bias empirical tests of the model of deterrence. We use data for 21 areas in England and Wales in 2001–2008. In addition to police-recorded crime data, we use victim-reported crime data from the British Crime Survey that are unaffected by changes in public reporting of crime and police recording of crime. We find that the estimated effect of the number of police on recorded and victim-reported crime is similar for property crime but different for violent crime. Our findings suggest that higher numbers of police not only reduce crime rates but also increase the share of crime, and in particular violent crime, that finds its way into police statistics. The resulting estimation bias is found to be large.

本文提供的证据表明，使用警方统计数据作为犯罪数据来源会严重扭曲对威慑模型（model of deterrence）[3]的实证检验。研究使用了2001至2008 年间英格兰和威尔士21个区域的数据。除警方记录的犯罪数据外，研究还使用了英国犯罪调查（British Crime Survey）中受害者报告的犯罪数据，这些数据不受公众犯罪报告和警方犯罪记录变化的影响。研究发现，就财产犯罪而言，警察数量对警方记录的犯罪和受害者报告的犯罪的估计影响相似，但暴力犯罪则不同。研究结果表明，警察数量的增加不仅能降低犯罪率，还能提高进入警方统计的犯罪比例，尤其是暴力犯罪。由此产生的估计偏差很大。

（图片来源于网络）

[3]译者注：犯罪威慑模型认为，犯罪是潜在罪犯经过成本收益权衡后的理性选择行为。

Economic Liberalization and Violent Crime

经济自由化与暴力犯罪

Kislaya Prasad

I study the effect of economic liberalization on violent crime. The particular emphasis is on the case of India, where, in the years following 1991, there was a virtual dismantling of controls on entry and production in registered manufacturing. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in impediments to foreign trade and access to foreign exchange. Economic controls create an incentive for illegal trade, and a frequent by-product of illegal trade is violent crime. Consequently, violent crimes such as murders would be expected to decline following market-based reforms. Analysis of aggregate all-India data, as well as data at the state level, suggests that economic reforms did indeed lead to a reduction in violent crime. I extend the analysis to a panel of countries and find strong evidence that greater trade openness is negatively related to violent crime.

本文研究了经济自由化对暴力犯罪的影响，重点考察了印度的情况。自1991年以来，印度实质上取消了对注册制造业（registered manufacturing）的准入和生产管制。与此同时，对外贸易和获取外汇的障碍也大大减少。经济管制曾为非法贸易提供动机，而非法贸易的一个常见副产品就是暴力犯罪。因此，在市场化改革之后，谋杀等暴力犯罪预计会减少。对全印度汇总数据及各邦数据的分析表明，经济改革确实导致了暴力犯罪的减少。本文进一步将研究扩展到国家层面，并发现有力证据表明，贸易开放度的提高与暴力犯罪呈负相关关系。

原文链接：

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jle/2012/55/4