“褶子”空间的高阶游戏 ▶ IESE 商学院丨S-M.A.O.

Ever since getting in contact with the concept of folds and their spatial richness, we have developed a line of investigation around them in the recent years, grouping them into straight folds, curved folds and ways of acknowledging external strains applied to a plane and its topographic response to these tensions. A fold is not to fold, is to apply strains in the form of a cut or externally, is understanding how it behaves structurally. 

这样一来，褶子包含三个基本特质：

This way, folds contain 3 basic points:

1、所有空间关系都在这一片断的空间张力中展开。

1. A cut or strain in space around which all the spatial relationships unfold.

2、这样的展开必然是一个统一体；褶子自我支撑，自身就是稳定的结构方案。褶子自身的形状表达了其自身的结构稳定性；换句话说，它是结构，同时它也塑造了空间。

2. This unfolding is always a unit; the fold strengthens and is prone to a stable structural solution on its own. The shape of the fold itself expresses its own structural stability; in other words, it is structure, and it develops space at the same time.

3、最重要的是，褶子建立起建筑的边界、平面、轮廓与建筑的体量、材料、表面、质感之间的联系。光和时间作为变量，对空间和形状以及它们之间的关系进行着色、改变和转化。

3. The fold, among other matters, establishes an association of an architecture of edges, planes, and outlines with an architecture of volumes, materials, surfaces, and textures. Light and time act as variables that tint, change, and transform the space and shapes –and their relation to one another.

这不是折纸游戏（通过折叠纸张来变换形态），而是当张力作用于平面或空间时所产生的拓扑学形变。在我们工作的整个过程中，都不存在单纯的形式创造，我们把这种工作留给其他建筑师，我们的工作是去发现一种形式统一体，它的空间和结构同时呈现。这才是我们的出发点。

It is not an origami – a transformation by folding a plane – it is a topological transformation of the strains acting upon a plane or upon space. We have worked from processes that are not about the creation of folded forms, which we leave to others, but about discovering where does this formal unity, this spatial and basic structure, appear. This is our starting point. 

巴耶阿塞隆教堂是我们第一个建成的“褶子”，是直线褶子。它可以说是我们理念的一个原型，体现在其比例、尺度、场地、朝向、建造，以及其中与光和运动相关的所有空间体验。从那时起，在一系列直线褶子之后，我们发展出了曲线褶子，曲面是外部张力作用的结果。塞戈维亚艺术与技术中心（CAT）的穹顶和拱顶回应了不同的外部因素，但都是基于褶子的理念，演变出在空间中拓展的曲线褶子。

Our project for a chapel in Valleacerón, a straight fold, was the first fold we built. For us it is a prototype of our intention, including variables such asscale, size, place, orientation, construction, and all the spatial experience that relates to light and movement.

From then on, and after a series of straight folds, we developed the curved fold,the curved surfaces as a result of tensions applied externally. The dome andvaults of Innovation and Business Development Center (CAT) in Segovia answer to different external causes but are based on the idea of the fold, developing asa curved fold that expands spatially.

在IESE商学院项目中，我们通过如下变量获得了更高等级的复杂性：建筑材料的丰富性（石材和木材）；其他考量（比如增加褶子的最优尺度）；或者通过交叉我们长期研究的其他主题，在整个过程中获得更广阔的发挥空间。

In the project for IESE Business School, the variables we use gain a higher level of complexity: a variety of materials are used (stone, wood); other aspects are considered (such as increasing the optimal size of a fold); or other features intertwine in a crossover – a category that acquires another dimension in all this process.

新建筑建在现有的校园内，是对一栋现存建筑的补充。在一块松树密布的场地上，新建筑定义了整个校园的功能和秩序的架构，无论是在场地和组织的层面，还是在象征意义的层面。我们的方案旨在重组整个校园，其路径，各个区域之间的关系，以及其如何处理室外空间。

These new buildings are within an existing campus, and are a complement to an existing building. In a pine tree-covered plot, they structure the existing uses and order the entirety of the campus, both in terms of place and organization and in the representative level. The interventions propose the reorganization of the whole campus, it's paths, relationships between pieces and treatment of outdoor areas.

该项目由两个独立的体量组成，即礼堂和教学中心，它们承载了构成商学院的不同功能。在它们之间，作为连接和转换，矗立着覆顶的室外中庭，也是项目的核心，一个由穹顶覆盖着的室外空间，在提供遮蔽的同时，也衔接了新建筑和新室外区域。

The project is comprised of two separate volumes, the teaching center and the auditorium, that contain the different uses that form the business school. Between them, as a connector and articulator, stands the outdoors sheltered atrium, the heart of the project, an exterior space covered with a dome that, while providing shade, articulates the connections both between the new buildings and the new outdoor areas.

中庭，由777块参数化预制石材构成的穹顶系统所覆盖,其中每块石材重达250公斤，彼此之间相互咬合。这里是极具象征性的，既是主要入口，也是一个聚会活动的场所。中庭划分了两个主要功能区域：礼堂，有独立的出入口和使用方式，以及教学中心，包括教室、教师休息室和办公室以及一个咖啡厅。教学中心—中庭—礼堂门厅所形成的空间序列是整个项目的核心骨架；所有的功能和流线都围绕它来组织。

This atrium, roofed with a stone dome comprised of a system of 777 parameterized parts of 250 kg each, fit together into one another.  It acts both in the symbolic level, it being the point of access, and as a meeting point. It divides two areas: the auditorium, with an independent access and functioning, and the teaching center, that includes classroom, faculty lounges and offices and a cafeteria. The concatenation of spaces formed by the teaching center – the atrium – the auditorium access hall is the dorsal spine of the project; around it all uses and itineraries are organized.

中庭在结构上是一个很大的挑战。延续建筑其他两个部分的结构逻辑是构思中庭穹顶的关键。因此，中庭的结构采用钢材，按照正确的尺寸和形状剪裁钢板材并进行焊接拼装。礼堂也是采取了这样的结构形式，只是在礼堂吊装的饰面材料是木材，一个木制穹顶，它有自身的形式逻辑同时在结构上也是非常稳定。空间、形式和结构是一个统一体，获得了一个独特的形状。所有钢材的切割采取电脑数控方式，以确保结构组装的精确，最终定义整个穹顶的最终形式。同样是钢材的次级龙骨使得沉重的石材得以吊装，形成连续的穹顶。石材是来自意大利的石灰华（洞石），通过机械方式吊装调适，穹顶作为整体非常稳定。每块石材都根据初始的结构形式进行切割，通过控制每一块石材的厚度，来减少穹顶的重量和材料的浪费，吊装结构和石材的切割自始至终都一起来考虑，与石匠密切沟通合作。

Structurally, the atrium was a challenge. Continuing the structural logic of the rest of the building was key when conceiving this piece. As such, the structural elements of the atrium are made from steel, using laminated profiles cut and assembled with the correct final shape. As it also occurs in the auditorium, in this case with a wooden dome, these shapes serve a purpose and are structurally stable. Space, strains and structure are a single unit that unfolds resulting in aspecific shape. These steel profiles were processed through computer numerical control to ensure a perfectly assembled structure, as it would later define the final form of the entire dome. A substructure in steel allows the setting-out of the heavy stones that form the dome. The stone parts, made from Italian Travertine marble, are hanged from it and fitted mechanically, so that the whole dome is stable on itself. The different stones are carved following the initial structural shape, the depth of each individual piece stablished separately in order to reduce wight and material to a minimum, always taking into account the possibilities of the hanging system, which was developed inclose collaboration with stone masons.

The long volume of the teaching center is a compact regular prism, raised from its surroundings by a 3 m high base, that sets back in some orientations to create walkways and sheltered paths. The access level houses all the educational uses themselves, mainly lecture halls. Upon entering, a big central space that traverses it north-to-south welcomes the user. This ample space, anaccess hall raising up to the second floor, gives access to the main staircases and organizes the entry to the different are as within the building. The two upper levels contain other uses such as staff offices, seminar rooms or administration areas. They receive light from the long facades of the building, treated in different ways with a serigraphy glass design in a double skin that varies taking into account the use within the building and the orientation the façade faces. Two long courtyards pierce the volume at different levels in orderto provide light to the upper floors, maximizing the possibilities of these areas and granting great flexibility when laying out the required uses. These complex multi-layered strategies respond to different situations in asuccession of compressed or vertical spaces that accompany the user when traversing the building, while connecting the different uses within it.

在地面之下，教学中心的地下一层通过四个下沉的绿色庭院来进行采光。在西侧，地下一层布置了餐厅和咖啡厅。通过其中一个下沉庭院，用餐的公共空间与整个校园的室外空间连接起来，同时正好与礼堂的地下层面对面。因此，礼堂和教学中心无论是在地面层还是在地下层都联系在一起，从而为公共使用功能提供了最大的流动性。这样就回应了校方对这一建筑的关键要求之一，即建筑必须容纳商学院举办的各种仪典活动。大型活动既可以在室内举办也可以在室外举办，中庭、门厅、餐厅、礼堂、中庭，几乎是一个环形的连续空间序列确保了承办这个事仪的组织灵活性。

Below ground, the first basement of the teaching center receives light from four excavated green courtyards. On its west side, the basement contains the restaurant and cafeteria. Through one of these excavated courtyards, these public areas connect with the rest of the outdoor areas of the campus and face directly the lowest level of the auditorium. Hence, both buildings connectbelow ground as well as above ground, granting a great fluidity to the most public uses of the buildings. This way the project responds to one of the key aspects that the client demanded, the need for the building to feature major events for the institution. Large events can take place both indoors and outdoors, and the correct, almost cyclic, positioning of every piece in this sequence (atrium, access hall, restaurant, auditorium, atrium) ensures flexibility when organizing these events.

礼堂从出入口这一层开始沉入地下，通过一个阶梯斜面，将出入口和中庭层与教学中心的地下一层连接起来。礼堂是单一功能空间，只容纳了礼堂及其附属功能，它由一个木制的穹顶所覆盖，穹顶的形状来自声学要求，同时也契合结构需求，如同中庭的穹顶。这一穹顶并非悬吊于钢架结构上，而是贴合于钢架结构的下表面，即其木制曲面就是钢架结构的下表面连续面。礼堂的边界向校园开放，让空间显得十分轻盈，并将周围的自然景观引入建筑。

The auditorium is buried from the access level and develops as a single sloped level that connects the access level and atrium with the teaching centerbasement. It contains a single use, an auditorium and its ancillary services, and is covered with a wooden dome, which shapes are both acoustic and mechanical, as they come from the structural system used, the same way as the atrium does.This dome is not hanging, it has the appropriate shapes for a correct mechanical behavior. The auditorium perimeter opens to the campus, providing weightlessness to the space and introducing the surrounding nature into the building.

©SANCHO MADRIDEJOS

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