详解AQS的7个同步组件

来源 | OSCHINA 社区

作者 | 华为云开发者联盟-冰河

原文链接：https://my.oschina.net/u/4526289/blog/8563718

摘要：AQS 的全称为 Abstract Queued Synchronizer，是在 J.U.C（java.util.concurrent）下子包中的类。

本文分享自华为云社区《【高并发】AQS 案例详解》，作者： 冰 河。

AQS 的全称为 Abstract Queued Synchronizer，是在 J.U.C（java.util.concurrent）下子包中的类。

一、AQS 的设计如下

（1）使用 Node 实现 FIFO 队列，可以用于构建锁或者其他同步装置的基础框架。

（2）利用了一个 int 类型表示状态

在 AQS 类中，有一个叫做 state 的成员变量。

基于 AQS 有一个同步组件 ReentrantLock，在 ReentrantLock 中，state 表示获取锁的线程数。如果 state=0, 则表示还没有线程获取锁；如果 state=1, 则表示有线程获取了锁；如果 state>1，则表示重入锁的数量。

（3）使用方法是继承

设计上基于模板方法，使用时需要继承 AQS，并覆写其中的方法

（4）子类通过继承并通过实现它的方法管理其状态 {acquire 和 release} 的方法操纵状态

（5）可以同时实现排它锁和共享锁模式（独占、共享）

站在使用者的角度，AQS 的功能主要分为两类：独占模式和共享模式。它的所有子类中要么实现并使用了它的独占功能的 API，要么使用了共享锁的功能，而不会同时使用两套 API。即便是它最有名的子类 ——ReentrantReadWriteLock，也是通过两个内部类 ——ReadLock（读锁）和 WriteLock（写锁）两套 API 来实现的。

二、AQS 内部实现的大体思路

首先，AQS 内部维护了一个 CLH 队列来管理锁，线程会首先尝试获取锁，如果失败，就将当前线程以及等待等信息封装成一个 Node 节点，加入到同步队列 SyncQueue，接着会不断循环尝试获取锁，获取锁的条件是当前节点为 Head 的直接后继节点才会尝试获取锁，如果失败，就会阻塞自己，直到自己被唤醒。而持有锁的线程释放锁的时候，会唤醒队列中的后继线程。基于这些基础的设计和思路，JDK 提供了许多基于 AQS 的子类，比如：CountDownLatch、Semaphore、CyclicBarrier、ReentrantLock、Condition、FutureTask 等

三、AQS 同步组件

• CountDownLatch：闭锁，通过一个计数，来保证线程是否一直阻塞
• Semaphore：控制同一时间并发线程的数目
• CyclicBarrier：与 CountDownLatch 类似，都能阻塞进程；
• ReentrantLock：可重入锁
• Condition: 在使用时需要 ReentrantLock
• FutureTask: 对比 Runnable 和 Callable

1.CountDownLatch

同步辅助类，通过它可以阻塞当前线程。也就是说，能够实现一个线程或者多个线程一直等待，直到其他线程执行的操作完成。使用一个给定的计数器进行初始化，该计数器的操作是原子操作，即同时只能有一个线程操作该计数器。
调用该类 await () 方法的线程会一直阻塞，直到其他线程调用该类的 countDown () 方法，使当前计数器的值变为 0 为止。每次调用该类的 countDown () 方法，当前计数器的值就会减 1。当计数器的值减为 0 的时候，所有因调用 await () 方法而处于等待状态的线程就会继续往下执行。这种操作只能出现一次，因为该类中的计数器不能被重置。如果需要一个可以重置计数次数的版本，可以考虑使用 CyclicBarrier 类。
CountDownLatch 支持给定时间的等待，超过一定的时间不再等待，使用时只需要在 await () 方法中传入需要等待的时间即可。此时，await () 方法的方法签名如下：

public boolean await(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
@Slf4j
public class CountDownLatchExample {
 private static final int threadCount = 200;
 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
 ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount);
 for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 exec.execute(() -> {
 try {
 test(threadNum);
 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }finally {
 countDownLatch.countDown();
 }
 });
 }
 countDownLatch.await();
        log.info("finish");
 exec.shutdown();
 }
 private static void test(int threadNum) throws InterruptedException {
 Thread.sleep(100);
 log.info("{}", threadNum);
 Thread.sleep(100);
 }
}

支持给定时间等待的示例代码如下：

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
@Slf4j
public class CountDownLatchExample {
 private static final int threadCount = 200;
 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
 ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount);
 for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 exec.execute(() -> {
 try {
 test(threadNum);
 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }finally {
 countDownLatch.countDown();
 }
 });
 }
 countDownLatch.await(10, TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS);
        log.info("finish");
 exec.shutdown();
 }
 private static void test(int threadNum) throws InterruptedException {
 Thread.sleep(100);
 log.info("{}", threadNum);
 }
}

2.Semaphore

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
@Slf4j
public class SemaphoreExample {
 private static final int threadCount = 200;
 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
 ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(3);
 for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 exec.execute(() -> {
 try {
 semaphore.acquire(); //获取一个许可
 test(threadNum);
 semaphore.release(); //释放一个许可
 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 });
 }
 exec.shutdown();
 }
 private static void test(int threadNum) throws InterruptedException {
 log.info("{}", threadNum);
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 }
}

每次获取并释放多个许可，示例代码如下：

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
@Slf4j
public class SemaphoreExample {
 private static final int threadCount = 200;
 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
 ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(3);
 for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 exec.execute(() -> {
 try {
 semaphore.acquire(3); //获取多个许可
 test(threadNum);
 semaphore.release(3); //释放多个许可
 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 });
 }
        log.info("finish");
 exec.shutdown();
 }
 private static void test(int threadNum) throws InterruptedException {
 log.info("{}", threadNum);
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 }
}

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
@Slf4j
public class SemaphoreExample {
 private static final int threadCount = 200;
 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
 ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(3);
 for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 exec.execute(() -> {
 try {
 //尝试获取一个许可，也可以尝试获取多个许可，
 //支持尝试获取许可超时设置，超时后不再等待后续线程的执行
 //具体可以参见Semaphore的源码
 if (semaphore.tryAcquire()) { 
 test(threadNum);
 semaphore.release(); //释放一个许可
 }
 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 });
 }
        log.info("finish");
 exec.shutdown();
 }
 private static void test(int threadNum) throws InterruptedException {
 log.info("{}", threadNum);
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 }
}

3.CyclicBarrier

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
@Slf4j
public class CyclicBarrierExample {
 private static CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(5);
 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 executorService.execute(() -> {
 try {
 race(threadNum);
 } catch (Exception e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 });
 }
executorService.shutdown();
 }
 private static void race(int threadNum) throws Exception{
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 log.info("{} is ready", threadNum);
 cyclicBarrier.await();
 log.info("{} continue", threadNum);
 }
}

设置等待超时示例代码如下：

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
@Slf4j
public class CyclicBarrierExample {
 private static CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(5);
 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 executorService.execute(() -> {
 try {
 race(threadNum);
 } catch (Exception e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 });
 }
 executorService.shutdown();
 }
 private static void race(int threadNum) throws Exception{
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 log.info("{} is ready", threadNum);
 try{
 cyclicBarrier.await(2000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
 }catch (BrokenBarrierException | TimeoutException e){
 log.warn("BarrierException", e);
 }
 log.info("{} continue", threadNum);
 }
}

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.aqs;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.CyclicBarrier;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
@Slf4j
public class CyclicBarrierExample {
 private static CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(5, () -> {
 log.info("callback is running");
 });
 public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
 final int threadNum = i;
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 executorService.execute(() -> {
 try {
 race(threadNum);
 } catch (Exception e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 });
 }
 executorService.shutdown();
 }
 private static void race(int threadNum) throws Exception{
 Thread.sleep(1000);
 log.info("{} is ready", threadNum);
 cyclicBarrier.await();
 log.info("{} continue", threadNum);
 }
}

4.ReentrantLock 与锁

• 便利性：synchronized 使用起来比较方便，并且由编译器保证加锁和释放锁；ReentrantLock 需要手工声明加锁和释放锁，最好是在 finally 代码块中声明释放锁。
• 锁的灵活度和细粒度：在这点上 ReentrantLock 会优于 synchronized

• boolean tryLock (): 仅在调用时锁定未被另一个线程保持的情况下才获取锁定
• boolean tryLock (long, TimeUnit): 如果锁定在给定的等待时间内没有被另一个线程保持，且当前线程没有被中断，则获取这个锁定。
• void lockInterruptibly (): 如果当前线程没有被中断，就获取锁定；如果被中断，就抛出异常
• boolean isLocked (): 查询此锁定是否由任意线程保持
• boolean isHeldByCurrentThread (): 查询当前线程是否保持锁定状态；
• boolean isFair (): 判断是否是公平锁
• boolean hasQueuedThread (Thread)：查询指定线程是否在等待获取此锁定
• boolean hasQueuedThreads (): 查询是否有线程正在等待获取此锁定
• boolean getHoldCount (): 查询当前线程保持锁定的个数

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.lock;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
@Slf4j
public class LockExample {
 //请求总数
 public static int clientTotal = 5000;
 //同时并发执行的线程数
 public static int threadTotal = 200;
 public static int count = 0;
 private static final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(threadTotal);
 final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(clientTotal);
 for(int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++){
 executorService.execute(() -> {
 try{
 semaphore.acquire();
 add();
 semaphore.release();
 }catch (Exception e){
 log.error("exception", e);
 }
 countDownLatch.countDown();
 });
 }
 countDownLatch.await();
 executorService.shutdown();
        log.info("count:{}", count);
 }
 private static void add(){
 lock.lock();
 try{
            count ++;
 }finally {
 lock.unlock();
 }
 }
}

5.ReentrantReadWriteLock

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.lock;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
@Slf4j
public class LockExample {
 private final Map<String, Data> map = new TreeMap<>();
 private final ReentrantReadWriteLock lock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
 private final Lock readLock = lock.readLock();
 private final Lock writeLock = lock.writeLock();
 public Data get(String key){
 readLock.lock();
 try{
 return map.get(key);
 }finally {
 readLock.unlock();
 }
 }
 public Set<String> getAllKeys(){
 readLock.lock();
 try{
 return map.keySet();
 }finally {
 readLock.unlock();
 }
 }
 public Data put(String key, Data value){
 writeLock.lock();
 try{
 return map.put(key, value);
 }finally {
 writeLock.unlock();
 }
 }
 class Data{
 }
}

6.StampedLock

class Point {
private double x, y;
private final StampedLock sl = new StampedLock();
void move(double deltaX, double deltaY) { // an exclusively locked method
long stamp = sl.writeLock();
try {
x += deltaX;
y += deltaY;
} finally {
sl.unlockWrite(stamp);
}
}
//下面看看乐观读锁案例
double distanceFromOrigin() { // A read-only method
long stamp = sl.tryOptimisticRead(); //获得一个乐观读锁
double currentX = x, currentY = y; //将两个字段读入本地局部变量
if (!sl.validate(stamp)) { //检查发出乐观读锁后同时是否有其他写锁发生？
stamp = sl.readLock(); //如果没有，我们再次获得一个读悲观锁
try {
currentX = x; // 将两个字段读入本地局部变量
currentY = y; // 将两个字段读入本地局部变量
} finally {
sl.unlockRead(stamp);
}
}
return Math.sqrt(currentX * currentX + currentY * currentY);
}
//下面是悲观读锁案例
void moveIfAtOrigin(double newX, double newY) { // upgrade
// Could instead start with optimistic, not read mode
long stamp = sl.readLock();
try {
while (x == 0.0 && y == 0.0) { //循环，检查当前状态是否符合
long ws = sl.tryConvertToWriteLock(stamp); //将读锁转为写锁
if (ws != 0L) { //这是确认转为写锁是否成功
stamp = ws; //如果成功 替换票据
x = newX; //进行状态改变
y = newY; //进行状态改变
break;
} else { //如果不能成功转换为写锁
sl.unlockRead(stamp); //我们显式释放读锁
stamp = sl.writeLock(); //显式直接进行写锁 然后再通过循环再试
}
}
} finally {
sl.unlock(stamp); //释放读锁或写锁
}
}
}

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.lock;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.StampedLock;
@Slf4j
public class LockExample {
 //请求总数
 public static int clientTotal = 5000;
 //同时并发执行的线程数
 public static int threadTotal = 200;
 public static int count = 0;
 private static final StampedLock lock = new StampedLock();
 public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
 ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
 final Semaphore semaphore = new Semaphore(threadTotal);
 final CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(clientTotal);
 for(int i = 0; i < clientTotal; i++){
 executorService.execute(() -> {
 try{
 semaphore.acquire();
 add();
 semaphore.release();
 }catch (Exception e){
 log.error("exception", e);
 }
 countDownLatch.countDown();
 });
 }
 countDownLatch.await();
 executorService.shutdown();
        log.info("count:{}", count);
 }
 private static void add(){
//加锁时返回一个long类型的票据
 long stamp = lock.writeLock();
 try{
            count ++;
 }finally {
 //释放锁的时候带上加锁时返回的票据
 lock.unlock(stamp);
 }
 }
}

7.Condition

package io.binghe.concurrency.example.lock;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
@Slf4j
public class LockExample {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 ReentrantLock reentrantLock = new ReentrantLock();
 Condition condition = reentrantLock.newCondition();
 new Thread(() -> {
 try {
 reentrantLock.lock();
 log.info("wait signal"); // 1
 condition.await();
 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 log.info("get signal"); // 4
 reentrantLock.unlock();
 }).start();
 new Thread(() -> {
 reentrantLock.lock();
 log.info("get lock"); // 2
 try {
 Thread.sleep(3000);
 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
 e.printStackTrace();
 }
 condition.signalAll();
 log.info("send signal ~ "); // 3
 reentrantLock.unlock();
 }).start();
 }
}

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