义乌能预测2022世界杯?这三国订单激增……
北京时间11月21日零点,万众瞩目的2022年卡塔尔世界杯将打响揭幕战,32支球队将会为争夺大力神杯展开28天的厮杀。
虽然中国男足不在其列,但是一股神秘的“中国力量”似乎可以预测冠军的走向。
10月31日,浙江金华,客商在义乌国际商贸城采购世界杯周边。摄影:龚献明
根据义乌体育用品协会的估算,整个世界杯周边商品市场,义乌制造约占70%的份额。
单从目前相关产品的销量来看,英格兰、巴西及阿根廷似乎是今年的夺冠大热门。2016年美国大选期间,义乌商人似乎也“成功”地预测了大选结果。
那么,这座县级市是如何一步一步发展成为人们口中的“世界中心”的?
世界上最大的小商品市场
2022年8月初,当浙江省义乌市新冠肺炎病例突然增多时,伊朗商人哈米(Dehghani Gholamhossein)立即加入了当地的志愿者队伍,帮助义乌市民一起抗击新冠病毒。
When there was a sudden surge of COVID-19 cases in early August in the city of Yiwu in East China's Zhejiang province, Iranian businessman Dehghani Gholamhossein quickly joined a group of volunteers to help prevent the spread of the virus.
在他居住的江东街道鸡鸣山社区,可以看到哈米时常忙碌着向被隔离的群众分发食品,并在核酸检测过程中帮忙维持秩序。
哈米(右)为义乌当地居民群众分发物资。
这位来自伊朗德黑兰的57岁商人,早就把义乌当成了自己的第二故乡。哈米早在2003年就来到了中国,2007年,义乌第一家由外国人创办并拥有进出口权的外贸公司就是他创办的。
Gholamhossein, 57, who is from Teheran, has long regarded Yiwu as his second home. He first came to China in 2003, and in 2007 he founded one of the first foreign trade companies established in the city by a foreign businessman.
在哈米和其他志愿者以及当地居民的共同努力下,义乌的新冠疫情迅速得到控制,这座城市很快就恢复了往日的繁忙。
这么些年来,“义乌已经从一个‘街头市场’发展成为一个国际小商品采购基地”,哈米说道。
特别是在过去的十年里,哈米和他的义乌哈米进口贸易有限公司(Yiwu Hamid Import & Trade Co)见证了这座城市对外贸易的快速发展。哈米的公司专门销售围巾、手工艺品和圣诞饰品等商品。
In the past decade in particular, he and his company, Yiwu Hamid Import & Trade Co, which specializes in selling products such as scarves, handicrafts and Christmas ornaments, have witnessed the rapid development of Yiwu's foreign trade.
义乌是浙江中部的一个县级市,距离省会杭州约140公里,上世纪70年代末和80年代初,它只是一个不起眼的贫困农业县,现如今已经发展成为公认的全球最大的小商品市场。
The county-level city, which is in the middle of Zhejiang, about 140 kilometers from the provincial capital of Hangzhou, had humble beginnings as agrarian land in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and has since developed into what is widely acknowledged as the world's largest small-commodities market.
国家级试点区
2011年,国务院正式批复浙江义乌市国际贸易综合改革试点(a national pilot zone for the comprehensive reform of international trade)。
2018年7月13日,义乌作为唯一一个县级市,获批设立跨境电商综合试验区。义乌市某网络科技有限公司总经理傅荣正说:“新外贸、新电商、新零售,我觉得综试区的批复将会对整个义乌跨境电商的发展带来一轮新的高潮。”
正如傅荣正所说,现在义乌的商品出口到210多个国家和地区。义乌海关的统计数据显示,从2012年到2021年,义乌小商品出口增长了两倍多,从119.3亿美元增加到407.8亿美元,占全国出口总额的31.2%。
10月13日,义乌国际商贸城的商户摆放用于出口的世界杯国旗产品。图源:视觉中国
“刚来义乌的时候,这个小商品城市的规模还没有现在这么大,”哈米回忆说。“但是现如今,不仅整个城市的规模和商品的种类正在扩大,市场也越来越国际化。”
"In the very beginning, when we came to Yiwu, this small-commodity city was not as large as it is now," Gholamhossein recalled. "However, the city's scale and the categories of commodities are growing, with the market being more and more international."
的确,世界各地许多人,甚至是中国人,可能都没有意识到,从日常生活用品到体育相关产品,义乌的商品和他们有着多么密切的关系。
Indeed, many people around the world, and even in China, are probably unaware that they have intimate connections with products from Yiwu, ranging from daily life items to sports-related products.
2018年12月17日,浙江义乌市国际商贸城,商户正在整理新款圣诞用品。图源:视觉中国
例如,自2010年代初以来,义乌生产的圣诞主题的商品的出口不断增长,从而成为全球最大的圣诞产品制造和配送中心,包括圣诞树饰品、圣诞服装、贺卡、节日彩灯和包装。根据该市商务局的统计,全球约80%的圣诞商品来自这座城市。
For instance, since the early 2010s, the rising Christmas-related exports from Yiwu have made the city the world's largest manufacturing and distribution center for Christmas products, including tree decorations, Yuletide clothing, greeting cards, festive lights and packaging. Some 80 percent of the world's Christmas goods come from this city, according to statistics from the city's commerce bureau.
而近一段时间以来,义乌的“国际影响力”更加凸显。英国女王伊丽莎白二世9月去世后,制作英国国旗的订单开始涌入义乌工厂;最近几个月,义乌商家一直忙于生产和交付2022年卡达尔世界杯相关产品,足球赛将于11月20日开幕。为了方便将商品更快地送到世界各地的球迷手中,义乌甚至开通了世界杯海运专线,通过这条专线,商家可以在20至25天内将货品从宁波港和上海港运到卡塔尔的哈马德港。
More recently, orders for British flags began to flood into Yiwu factories after Queen Elizabeth II died in September, and manufacturers have been busy producing and delivering soccer products related to the FIFA 2022 World Cup, which kicks off in Qatar on Nov 20. To facilitate the delivery of the merchandise to fans across the globe, Yiwu has even set up the World Cup Special Transport Network, by which goods can travel from the ports of Ningbo and Shanghai to Hamad Port in Qatar in just 20 to 25 days.
随着欧洲等地区冬季临近,浙江义乌各类取暖设备的出口正旺。 图源:视觉中国
随着冬季的临近,由于欧洲面临的能源危机,欧洲国家对供暖设备的需求激增。据义乌海关表示,截至目前,义乌今年电热毯和电暖器等产品的出口同比增长41.9%,达到1.9亿元人民币(2620万美元)。
In addition, with the approach of winter, Yiwu has seen surging demand from European countries for heating equipment amid the looming energy crisis there. Exports of products such as electric blankets and electric heaters have, so far in 2022, increased by 41.9 percent year-on-year to 190 million yuan ($26.2 million), according to the city's customs authorities.
创新性举措
哈米认为,义乌及其商品日益扩大的国际影响力在很大程度上要归功于政府多年来实施的众多创新举措,包括“义新欧”中欧班列的开通。他说:“首先,我们的货物通过中欧班列运输到德黑兰的成本降低了,这也降低了客户的购买成本。”其次,与传统的海运相比,铁路运输也大大缩短了运输时间。
2014年11月,首列中欧班列正式启动,始发地义乌,终点站马德里。一年多后,义乌至德黑兰航线于2016年2月开通。与从上海到伊朗阿巴斯港的海上路线相比,这段10399公里的火车旅程缩短了近30天的运输时间。
In November 2014, the first China-Europe freight train was officially launched, starting from Yiwu and ending in Madrid. A little more than a year later, in February 2016, the route connecting Yiwu with Teheran was opened. Compared with the maritime route — which went from Shanghai to Iran's Bandar Abbas port — the 10,399-kilometer train journey cut the time by 30 days.
义乌海关数据显示,2022年,义新欧班列已运营超1000列,同比增长15.3%。自2013年专门提供国际货运列车服务的义乌平台推出以来,该平台已经运行了超过4410列火车,运送了36万多标箱的货物。目前,从义乌到50多个国家、160多个城市的国际铁路货运直航线路已达17条。
在过去的几年里,义乌抓住了浙江数字经济快速发展带来的机遇,大力发展了直播和电子商务的结合,特别关注海外客户。义乌的许多企业,包括哈米的公司,也开始部署多语言的海外直播。
In the past few years, Yiwu has tapped into the opportunities arising from the rapid development of Zhejiang's digital economy, and the city has vigorously developed a combination of livestreaming and e-commerce, with a particular focus on overseas clients. Many businesses in Yiwu, including Gholamhossein's, have also begun to deploy overseas livestreaming with multiple languages.
2022年11月2日,浙江义乌,综合保税区菜鸟物流中心内,众多工作人员打包商品。中新社记者 王刚 摄
此外,义乌的外国商户也开始在国外建立了“海外仓”,成为微型市场,解决了许多因新冠肺炎而引发的市场不稳定问题。到目前为止,义乌的企业主已经在包括菲律宾、西班牙、德国和美国等国的世界各地建立了166个海外仓。
In addition, foreign business owners in Yiwu have built warehouses overseas that serve as miniature markets, solving many problems related to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. So far, business owners in Yiwu have set up 166 overseas warehouses around the world, including in the Philippines, Spain, Germany and the United States.
近年来,哈米在伊朗的仓库也一直在稳步发展,他说“仓库面积在不断扩大”。他的公司业务不断增长,先后在北京、上海和广州都开设了分公司,公司也扩大了在其他地区和国家的市场份额,包括东南亚、欧洲和美国等地。
营商环境不断提升
哈米认为,或许更为重要的一点,是像他这样的商人从中国不断改善的营商环境中受益匪浅。
More important, perhaps, Gholamhossein said he believes that businessmen like himself have benefited enormously from the continuously improving business environment, not only in Yiwu, but all over China.
卡塔尔世界杯进入倒计时,义乌生产销售世界杯周边 图源:视觉中国
他说:“例如,税务机关减免增值税的支持政策对我们非常重要,因为它降低了我们的投资风险,减轻了我们的负担,节省了出口成本,增强了我们在国际市场上的竞争力,从而提高了我们的经济效率。”
从小型企业到引领全球技术发展的顶级互联网公司,中国民营企业正迅速成为推动国内外经济增长和创新的先锋。工业和信息化部的数据显示,中国的民营企业贡献了近50%的国家税收、60%的GDP、70%的技术创新和80%的城镇就业。
From small businesses to top internet companies leading global technological development, China's private companies are quickly becoming pioneers in driving economic growth and innovation at home and abroad. China's private enterprises have contributed nearly 50 percent of the country's tax revenue, 60 percent of GDP, 70 percent of technological innovation and 80 percent of urban employment, according to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.
哈米表示:“从今年1月到7月,我公司的进口总额达到3000万美元,出口总额超过1000万美元。”
他还说,过去他的公司需要依靠翻译与义乌的商户们进行沟通,现在当地商户们的外语水平,特别是英语,已经“大大提高”,而且当地政府出台的优惠政策为外国公司提供了更好的营商环境。
记者:马振寰
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