提升Java字符串编码解码性能的技巧
1
常见字符串编码
●
LATIN1 只能保存ASCII字符,又称ISO-8859-1。
UTF-8 变长字节编码,一个字符需要使用1个、2个或者3个byte表示。由于中文通常需要3个字节表示,中文场景UTF-8编码通常需要更多的空间,替代的方案是GBK/GB2312/GB18030。
UTF-16 2个字节,一个字符需要使用2个byte表示,又称UCS-2 (2-byte Universal Character Set)。根据大小端的区分,UTF-16有两种形式,UTF-16BE和UTF-16LE,缺省UTF-16指UTF-16BE。Java语言中的char是UTF-16LE编码。
GB18030 变长字节编码,一个字符需要使用1个、2个或者3个byte表示。类似UTF8,中文只需要2个字符,表示中文更省字节大小,缺点是在国际上不通用。
2
编码转换性能
●
static int encodeUTF8(char[] utf16, int off, int len, byte[] dest, int dp) {
int sl = off + len, last_offset = sl - 1;
while (off < sl) {
char c = utf16[off++];
if (c < 0x80) {
// Have at most seven bits
dest[dp++] = (byte) c;
} else if (c < 0x800) {
// 2 dest, 11 bits
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0xc0 | (c >> 6));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
} else if (c >= '\uD800' && c < '\uE000') {
int uc;
if (c < '\uDC00') {
if (off > last_offset) {
dest[dp++] = (byte) '?';
return dp;
}
char d = utf16[off];
if (d >= '\uDC00' && d < '\uE000') {
uc = (c << 10) + d + 0xfca02400;
} else {
throw new RuntimeException("encodeUTF8 error", new MalformedInputException(1));
}
} else {
uc = c;
}
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0xf0 | ((uc >> 18)));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 12) & 0x3f));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 6) & 0x3f));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (uc & 0x3f));
off++; // 2 utf16
} else {
// 3 dest, 16 bits
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0xe0 | ((c >> 12)));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
dest[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
}
}
return dp;
}
static int writeUtf16LE(char[] chars, int off, int len, byte[] dest, final int dp) {
UNSAFE.copyMemory(chars
, CHAR_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + off * 2
, dest
, BYTE_ARRAY_BASE_OFFSET + dp
, len * 2
);
dp += len * 2;
return dp;
}
3
Java String的编码
●
static class String {
final char[] value;
final int offset;
final int count;
}
static class String {
final char[] value;
}
static class String {
final byte code;
final byte[] value;
static final byte LATIN1 = 0;
static final byte UTF16 = 1;
}
4
快速构造字符串的方法
●
比如如下是JDK8的String的一个构造函数的实现
public final class String {
public String(char value[]) {
this.value = Arrays.copyOf(value, value.length);
}
}
在JDK8中,有一个构造函数是不做拷贝的,但这个方法不是public,需要用一个技巧实现MethodHandles.Lookup & LambdaMetafactory绑定反射来调用,文章后面有介绍这个技巧的代码。 public final class String {
String(char[] value, boolean share) {
// assert share : "unshared not supported";
this.value = value;
}
}
使用MethodHandles.Lookup & LambdaMetafactory绑定反射 使用JavaLangAccess的相关方法 使用Unsafe直接构造
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
StringCreateBenchmark.invoke thrpt 5 784869.350 ± 1936.754 ops/ms
StringCreateBenchmark.langAccess thrpt 5 784029.186 ± 2734.300 ops/ms
StringCreateBenchmark.unsafe thrpt 5 761176.319 ± 11914.549 ops/ms
StringCreateBenchmark.newString thrpt 5 140883.533 ± 2217.773 ops/ms
public static BiFunction<char[], Boolean, String> getStringCreatorJDK8() throws Throwable {
Constructor<MethodHandles.Lookup> constructor = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredConstructor(Class.class, int.class);
constructor.setAccessible(true);
MethodHandles lookup = constructor.newInstance(
String.class
, -1 // Lookup.TRUSTED
);
MethodHandles.Lookup caller = lookup.in(String.class);
MethodHandle handle = caller.findConstructor(
String.class, MethodType.methodType(void.class, char[].class, boolean.class)
);
CallSite callSite = LambdaMetafactory.metafactory(
caller
, "apply"
, MethodType.methodType(BiFunction.class)
, handle.type().generic()
, handle
, handle.type()
);
return (BiFunction) callSite.getTarget().invokeExact();
}
4.1.2 JDK 11快速构造字符串的方法
public static ToIntFunction<String> getStringCode11() throws Throwable {
Constructor<MethodHandles.Lookup> constructor = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredConstructor(Class.class, int.class);
constructor.setAccessible(true);
MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = constructor.newInstance(
String.class
, -1 // Lookup.TRUSTED
);
MethodHandles.Lookup caller = lookup.in(String.class);
MethodHandle handle = caller.findVirtual(
String.class, "coder", MethodType.methodType(byte.class)
);
CallSite callSite = LambdaMetafactory.metafactory(
caller
, "applyAsInt"
, MethodType.methodType(ToIntFunction.class)
, MethodType.methodType(int.class, Object.class)
, handle
, handle.type()
);
return (ToIntFunction<String>) callSite.getTarget().invokeExact();
}
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 11) {
Function<byte[], String> stringCreator = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK11();
byte[] bytes = new byte[]{'a', 'b', 'c'};
String apply = stringCreator.apply(bytes);
assertEquals("abc", apply);
}
4.1.3 JDK 17快速构造字符串的方法
--add-opens java.base/java.lang.invoke=ALL-UNNAMED
public static BiFunction<byte[], Charset, String> getStringCreatorJDK17() throws Throwable {
Constructor<MethodHandles.Lookup> constructor = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredConstructor(Class.class, Class.class, int.class);
constructor.setAccessible(true);
MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = constructor.newInstance(
String.class
, null
, -1 // Lookup.TRUSTED
);
MethodHandles.Lookup caller = lookup.in(String.class);
MethodHandle handle = caller.findStatic(
String.class, "newStringNoRepl1", MethodType.methodType(String.class, byte[].class, Charset.class)
);
CallSite callSite = LambdaMetafactory.metafactory(
caller
, "apply"
, MethodType.methodType(BiFunction.class)
, handle.type().generic()
, handle
, handle.type()
);
return (BiFunction<byte[], Charset, String>) callSite.getTarget().invokeExact();
}
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 17) {
BiFunction<byte[], Charset, String> stringCreator = JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK17();
byte[] bytes = new byte[]{'a', 'b', 'c'};
String apply = stringCreator.apply(bytes, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
assertEquals("abc", apply);
}
4.2 基于JavaLangAccess快速构造
JavaLangAccess javaLangAccess = SharedSecrets.getJavaLangAccess();
StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
4.3 基于Unsafe实现快速构造字符串
public static final Unsafe UNSAFE;
static {
Unsafe unsafe = null;
try {
Field theUnsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
theUnsafeField.setAccessible(true);
unsafe = (Unsafe) theUnsafeField.get(null);
} catch (Throwable ignored) {}
UNSAFE = unsafe;
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
Object str = UNSAFE.allocateInstance(String.class);
UNSAFE.putObject(str, valueOffset, chars);
Object str = UNSAFE.allocateInstance(String.class);
UNSAFE.putByte(str, coderOffset, (byte) 0);
UNSAFE.putObject(str, valueOffset, (byte[]) bytes);
4.4 快速构建字符串的技巧应用:
如下的方法格式化日期为字符串,性能就会非常好。
public String formatYYYYMMDD(Calendar calendar) throws Throwable {
int year = calendar.get(Calendar.YEAR);
int month = calendar.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
int dayOfMonth = calendar.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
byte y0 = (byte) (year / 1000 + '0');
byte y1 = (byte) ((year / 100) % 10 + '0');
byte y2 = (byte) ((year / 10) % 10 + '0');
byte y3 = (byte) (year % 10 + '0');
byte m0 = (byte) (month / 10 + '0');
byte m1 = (byte) (month % 10 + '0');
byte d0 = (byte) (dayOfMonth / 10 + '0');
byte d1 = (byte) (dayOfMonth % 10 + '0');
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION >= 9) {
byte[] bytes = new byte[] {y0, y1, y2, y3, m0, m1, d0, d1};
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 17) {
return JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK17().apply(bytes, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
}
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION <= 11) {
return JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK11().apply(bytes);
}
return new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.US_ASCII);
}
char[] chars = new char[]{
(char) y0,
(char) y1,
(char) y2,
(char) y3,
(char) m0,
(char) m1,
(char) d0,
(char) d1
};
if (JDKUtils.JVM_VERSION == 8) {
return JDKUtils.getStringCreatorJDK8().apply(chars, true);
}
return new String(chars);
}
5
快速遍历字符串的办法
●
public final class String {
private final char value[];
public char charAt(int index) {
if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
}
return value[index];
}
}
public final class String {
private final byte[] value;
private final byte coder;
public char charAt(int index) {
if (isLatin1()) {
return StringLatin1.charAt(value, index);
} else {
return StringUTF16.charAt(value, index);
}
}
}
5.1 获取String.value的方法
使用Field反射 使用Unsafe
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
StringGetValueBenchmark.reflect thrpt 5 438374.685 ± 1032.028 ops/ms
StringGetValueBenchmark.unsafe thrpt 5 1302654.150 ± 59169.706 ops/ms
static Field valueField;
static {
try {
valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueField.setAccessible(true);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException ignored) {}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
char[] chars = (char[]) valueField.get(str);
5.1.2 使用Unsafe获取String.value static long valueFieldOffset;
static {
try {
Field valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueFieldOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(valueField);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException ignored) {}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
char[] chars = (char[]) UNSAFE.getObject(str, valueFieldOffset);
static long valueFieldOffset;
static long coderFieldOffset;
static {
try {
Field valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueFieldOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(valueField);
Field coderField = String.class.getDeclaredField("coder");
coderFieldOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(coderField);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException ignored) {}
}
////////////////////////////////////////////
byte coder = UNSAFE.getObject(str, coderFieldOffset);
byte[] bytes = (byte[]) UNSAFE.getObject(str, valueFieldOffset);
6
更快的encodeUTF8方法
●
public static int encodeUTF8(char[] src, int offset, int len, byte[] dst, int dp) {
int sl = offset + len;
int dlASCII = dp + Math.min(len, dst.length);
// ASCII only optimized loop
while (dp < dlASCII && src[offset] < '\u0080') {
dst[dp++] = (byte) src[offset++];
}
while (offset < sl) {
char c = src[offset++];
if (c < 0x80) {
// Have at most seven bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) c;
} else if (c < 0x800) {
// 2 bytes, 11 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xc0 | (c >> 6));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
} else if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { //Character.isSurrogate(c) but 1.7
final int uc;
int ip = offset - 1;
if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDBFF' + 1)) { // Character.isHighSurrogate(c)
if (sl - ip < 2) {
uc = -1;
} else {
char d = src[ip + 1];
// d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)
if (d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(d)
uc = ((c << 10) + d) + (0x010000 - ('\uD800' << 10) - '\uDC00'); // Character.toCodePoint(c, d)
} else {
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
continue;
}
}
} else {
//
if (c >= '\uDC00' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(c)
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
continue;
} else {
uc = c;
}
}
if (uc < 0) {
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
} else {
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xf0 | ((uc >> 18)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 12) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (uc & 0x3f));
offset++; // 2 chars
}
} else {
// 3 bytes, 16 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xe0 | ((c >> 12)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
}
}
return dp;
}
使用encodeUTF8方法举例
char[] chars = UNSAFE.getObject(str, valueFieldOffset);
// ensureCapacity(chars.length * 3)
byte[] bytes = ...; //
int bytesLength = IOUtils.encodeUTF8(chars, 0, chars.length, bytes, bytesOffset);
测试代码
public class EncodeUTF8Benchmark {
static String STR = "01234567890ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWZYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwzyz一二三四五六七八九十";
static byte[] out;
static long valueFieldOffset;
static {
out = new byte[STR.length() * 3];
try {
Field valueField = String.class.getDeclaredField("value");
valueFieldOffset = UnsafeUtils.UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(valueField);
} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void unsafeEncodeUTF8() throws Exception {
char[] chars = (char[]) UnsafeUtils.UNSAFE.getObject(STR, valueFieldOffset);
int len = IOUtils.encodeUTF8(chars, 0, chars.length, out, 0);
}
public void getBytesUTF8() throws Exception {
byte[] bytes = STR.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
System.arraycopy(bytes, 0, out, 0, bytes.length);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws RunnerException {
Options options = new OptionsBuilder()
.include(EncodeUTF8Benchmark.class.getName())
.mode(Mode.Throughput)
.timeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.forks(1)
.build();
new Runner(options).run();
}
}
测试结果
EncodeUTF8Benchmark.getBytesUTF8 thrpt 5 20690.960 ± 5431.442 ops/ms
EncodeUTF8Benchmark.unsafeEncodeUTF8 thrpt 5 34508.606 ± 55.510 ops/ms
public static int encodeUTF8(byte[] src, int offset, int len, byte[] dst, int dp) {
int sl = offset + len;
while (offset < sl) {
byte b0 = src[offset++];
byte b1 = src[offset++];
if (b1 == 0 && b0 >= 0) {
dst[dp++] = b0;
} else {
char c = (char)(((b0 & 0xff) << 0) | ((b1 & 0xff) << 8));
if (c < 0x800) {
// 2 bytes, 11 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xc0 | (c >> 6));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
} else if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { //Character.isSurrogate(c) but 1.7
final int uc;
int ip = offset - 1;
if (c >= '\uD800' && c < ('\uDBFF' + 1)) { // Character.isHighSurrogate(c)
if (sl - ip < 2) {
uc = -1;
} else {
b0 = src[ip + 1];
b1 = src[ip + 2];
char d = (char) (((b0 & 0xff) << 0) | ((b1 & 0xff) << 8));
// d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)
if (d >= '\uDC00' && d < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(d)
uc = ((c << 10) + d) + (0x010000 - ('\uD800' << 10) - '\uDC00'); // Character.toCodePoint(c, d)
} else {
return -1;
}
}
} else {
//
if (c >= '\uDC00' && c < ('\uDFFF' + 1)) { // Character.isLowSurrogate(c)
return -1;
} else {
uc = c;
}
}
if (uc < 0) {
dst[dp++] = (byte) '?';
} else {
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xf0 | ((uc >> 18)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 12) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((uc >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (uc & 0x3f));
offset++; // 2 chars
}
} else {
// 3 bytes, 16 bits
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0xe0 | ((c >> 12)));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f));
dst[dp++] = (byte) (0x80 | (c & 0x3f));
}
}
}
return dp;
}
使用encodeUTF8方法举例
byte coder = UNSAFE.getObject(str, coderFieldOffset);
byte[] value = UNSAFE.getObject(str, coderFieldOffset);
if (coder == 0) {
// ascii arraycopy
} else {
// ensureCapacity(chars.length * 3)
byte[] bytes = ...; //
int bytesLength = IOUtils.encodeUTF8(value, 0, value.length, bytes, bytesOffset);
}
7
重要提醒
●
上面这些技巧都不是给新手使用的,使用不当会容易导致BUG,如果没彻底搞懂,请不要使用! 参考链接:
[1]https://github.com/alibaba/fastjson2/blob/2.0.3/core/src/main/java/com/alibaba/fastjson2/util/IOUtils.java
[2]https://github.com/alibaba/fastjson2/blob/2.0.3/core/src/main/java/com/alibaba/fastjson2/util/JDKUtils.java
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