Redian新闻
>
“摩尔定律”提出者戈登·摩尔 | 经济学人讣告

“摩尔定律”提出者戈登·摩尔 | 经济学人讣告

公众号新闻

1



写在前面

思维导图作者:

UU,允许别人做别人,允许自己做自己


02 新手必读 


现在翻译组成员由牛津,耶鲁,LSE ,纽卡斯尔,曼大,爱大,圣三一,NUS,墨大,北大,北外,北二外,北语,外交,交大,人大,上外,浙大等70多名因为情怀兴趣爱好集合到一起的译者组成,组内现在有catti一笔20+,博士8人,如果大家有兴趣且符合条件请加入我们,可以参看帖子  我们招人啦!
五大翻译组成员介绍:http://navo.top/7zeYZn
1.关于阅读经济学人如何阅读经济学人?
2.TE||如何快速入门一个陌生知识领域超链,点击进入
2.为什么希望大家能点下右下角“在看”或者留言?
在看越多,留言越多,证明大家对翻译组的认可,因为我们不收大家任何费用,但是简单的点击一下在看,却能给翻译组成员带来无尽的动力,有了动力才能更好的为大家提供更好的翻译作品,也就能够找到更好的人,这是一个正向的循环。


2



精读|翻译|词组
Gordon Moore
戈登·摩尔

英文部分选自经济学人20230401期讣告

Gordon Moore
戈登·摩尔

Chips in everything
万物皆有芯

Gordon Moore, formulator of the law that drove the digital revolution, died on March 24th, aged 94
提出摩尔定律、推动数字革命的戈登·摩尔于2023324日去世,享年94岁。

Medieval philosophers once wondered how many angels could dance on the head of a pin. Gordon Moore, who with his liking for pad, pencil and a quiet, solitary desk often looked philosophical, wondered how many transistors could be etched on one silicon wafer to make an integrated circuit. The first transistors he had ever encountered, in 1954 at a lecture by the man who had co-invented them, William Shockley, were as big as peanuts. But they were shrinking fast. The more you could pack together, the more these tiny marvels could do, until they could probably change the world.

中世纪的哲学家们想知道一个大头针帽上究竟能够容下多少天使一齐舞蹈而戈登·摩尔却想知道一硅片究竟可以集成多少晶体管来组成集成电路。他喜欢独自坐在办公桌前,像个哲学家似的手持板子和笔、沉思问题。1954年,摩尔在晶体管发明者之一威廉·肖克利(William Shockley)的讲座第一次见到晶体管。那时晶体管还大如花生,但随后它们快速升级,越变越小。在一硅片上集成的晶体管越多,这些神奇的小玩意能带来的改变就越大,直至有望改变世界。

In 1965, in Electronics magazine, he laid out his thinking plainly. In the past decade, the number of components in each integrated circuit had roughly doubled every year. In the next decade, therefore, they would probably do the same. Devices containing such circuits would become more efficient, more popular and less expensive, all at an exponential rate. They would power “such wonders” as home computers, automatic controls for cars, and “personal portable communications equipment”. Even wristwatches could have them. And though he went no further into his crystal ball than 1975, he saw no reason why this extraordinary growth should not go on for a long, long time.

1965年,摩尔在《电子学》杂志上发表了一篇文章,清晰地阐述了自己的想法。过去十年,一集成电路能够包含的元器件数量每年都几乎翻倍,因此这一趋势很可能在未来十年持续下去。含有集成电路的设备运行更高效价格更实惠大众也更青睐,而这一切均将以指数级的速度推进。这些集成电路还会助力伟大奇迹的诞生,例如家用计算机、汽车自动控制以及个人便携式通信设备,就连手表都能采用集成电路。摩尔的展望虽然只到1975年,但他坚信集成电路所能包含的元器件数量将继续在相当长的一段时间内以惊人的速度不断增加。

The article caused a sensation. What seemed to him just blind extrapolation was seized on as a Great Truth, “Moore’s law”. From that time on, semiconductor companies took it as a given that the processing power of their product ought to double every year. If it didn’t, they would lose their edge. In 1975 Dr Moore reviewed it, and thought the rate of doubling should be every two years—even though, in the preceding decade, it had in fact doubled in nine of the ten years. This refinement hardly made a difference. The points the industry took away from him were, first, to make semiconductors as tiny as possible, and second, to do it fast. Or fall behind, probably never to recover.

这篇文章轰动一时。在摩尔看来,他的看法不过是显而易见的推断,而人们却对此大为关注,称之为一条伟大的真理”——摩尔定律自此,半导体公司开始理所当然地认为自家产品处理能力必须每年翻一番,要不然自己就将失去竞争优势。1975年,摩尔重新回顾了这一定律,并认为翻倍的速度应改为每两年翻一番(尽管过去十年当中有九年都实现了翻)。不过,摩尔对定律的完善并没有对实际情况产生什么影响。半导体行业从摩尔的结论当中学到的要领是:第一,要制造出尽可能小的半导体;第二完成第一步的速度要快。要是做不到这两点,企业就会落后,很可能再也无法东山再起

He was surprised to have given his name to any law, and more so to be called a revolutionary. The silicon revolution was a fact, but he himself was a rooted, reserved sort of fellow who had hardly ever lived outside the foggy country south of San Francisco, and whose greatest love, beyond his work and his wife, was fishing. The closest he had come to revolution was when, as a boy, he made explosives with a home chemistry set, and somewhere in his well-stuffed bookshelves he still had his acid-scorched primer on the nature of nitroglycerine. But when it came to forging the digital age he was simply, he thought, in the right place at the right time. He got into semiconductors at the very start, and that was a great piece of luck.

摩尔从未想过他的名字会和任何定律联系在一起,更没有想过这一定律会被称为一场革命。硅谷革命一件事实,但摩尔自己却是一个扎根乡土行为内敛的人,基本上从未离开过旧金山南部多雾的农村,除了工作和妻子之外最大的爱好便是钓鱼。他做过的最接近革命的事是小时候用家用化学工具箱自制炸药,在他满满当当的书架上还塞着一本已经被酸腐蚀的硝酸甘油初级读本。就打造数字时代这件事,他认为自己只是在对的时间做了对的事。他一开始就研究半导体,这基本上就是运气。

He also drove the transformation, though, and not just with his law. At Shockley Laboratories, where he went in 1956, his job was fundamental: to create a cheap transistor based on silicon, of which the world had plenty. At Fairchild Semiconductor, founded by “the traitorous eight” who broke from Shockley in 1957, he developed a smooth silicon-dioxide surface on which to print the electric circuits and pioneered the use of aluminium wires to connect the transistors. When he founded Intel with Robert Noyce in 1968 he worked on self-isolating transistors, which could be packed more closely, as well as devising a better dip to clean the silicon surface before the aluminium went on. This single change increased chip production more than tenfold.

不过,他推动数字革命的方式不仅仅摩尔定律1956他加入肖克利实验室从事基础工作:使用硅这种全世界储量庞大的材料来制作价格低廉的晶体管。在飞兆半导体(由1957年离开肖克利实验室的八叛逆创建的公司),他开发了一种可用于打印电路的光滑二氧化硅表面,并率先使用铝线来连接晶体管。1968年,和罗伯特·诺伊斯共同创办英特尔之后,他开始研究排布可以更紧密的自我绝缘晶体管,同时还发明了一种在加入铝之前清洁硅表面的液体。仅这一项发明便使芯片产量提高了十倍以上

注:肖克利半导体实验室(英语:Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory),是贝克曼仪器公司的一个部门, 是第一个为经营制造半导体装置所设立的机构,后来发展演变为众所周知的硅谷。(维基百科:https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%82%96%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4
1955年,晶体管之父威廉·肖克利(William Bradford Shockley)离开贝尔实验室,创建肖克利半导体实验室(Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory)。他吸引了很多富有才华的年轻科学家加盟。但是很快,肖克利的管理方法和怪异行为引起员工的不满。其中八人决定一同辞职,他们是罗伯特·诺伊斯(Robert Noyce)、·摩尔(Gordon Moore)、朱利亚斯·布兰克(Julius Blank)、尤金·克莱尔(Eugene Kleiner)、金·赫尔尼(Jean Hoerni)、杰·拉斯特(Jay Last)、谢尔顿·罗伯茨(Sheldon Roberts)和维克多·格里尼克(Victor Grinich)。后来他们被肖克利称为八叛逆。(维基百科:https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%BF%AB%E6%8D%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93

He called himself an accidental entrepreneur, but there was not much accident about it. He left Shockley mostly because the man had no interest in getting the product to market. At Fairchild, in which each founder had invested $500, they were making chips commercially in less than a year, and had overtaken both Texas Instruments and Bell Labs in military applications. But Fairchild became too slow for him. His business plan for Intel, vague as it looked—to make interesting things with silicon—was spurred by his burning belief in chips in everything. By the 1990s, Intel microprocessors were in 80% of all the computers made in the world.

他称自己是阴错阳差才成了企业家,但是(他的成功)其实并非偶然。他之所以离开肖克利实验室主要原因是因为肖克利对于产品上市兴趣索然。然而在创办人人均投资500美元的飞兆,这些人不到一年就开始生产商用芯片,并且在军事应用上已经超越德州仪器和贝尔实验室。但飞兆对于他来说还是太慢了。他给英特尔制定的商业计划——用硅制造有趣的东西——尽管在当时看来并不清晰,但其实是基于他对芯片能应用于万物的炙热信心说出来的。截上世纪90年代,全世界生产的电脑当中80%都在使用英特尔的微处理器。

Moore’s law stated that as microchips invaded appliances, sales would soar and prices would fall; but setting up to make them was costly. He therefore strived to save money. He fitted out Fairchild’s first premises with cheap kitchen units and blew his own glass tubes to manipulate gases, as he had done for Shockley. At Intel he watched every cent, down to the rubber gloves which he found for $1 a pair, rather than $2.50. This was habit. Until 1961 he had kept a ledger of all household incomings and outgoings, including a nickel found in his wife Betty’s pocket and a dime spent on a pencil “(red)“. After 1961, he no longer needed to; his monthly salary, as charted in the ledger, was rising as steeply as the number of transistors on each chip. By 2014 his net worth was $7bn.

摩尔定律指出,随着微芯片在家用电器当中广泛应用,微芯片的销量会飙升,而单价会随之下降;但是制造微芯片的成本却很高。因此,他要尽量节省成本。飞兆最初的办公场所就安装了一廉价的厨房设备,而导气用的玻璃管也都是像当年为肖克利吹玻璃那样自己吹出来的。在英特尔,他紧盯每一分钱的使用状况,就连橡胶手套也要用1美元一双的,而不用2.5美元一双。这是一种习惯。直到1961年,他一直保留着记录家庭所有收支的习惯,包括在妻子贝蒂口袋里发现的五美分硬币和花在一支红色铅笔上面的十美分。1961年以后,他不再需要这样做了;如财报上显示,他的月薪如同每个芯片上的晶体管数量一样飙升。到2014年,他的净资产达到了70亿美元。

Typically, though, his wealth did not change him. He liked to wear well-worn khakis and go out in his rickety old fishing boat, until it became unsafe. He liked things as they were. When he became rich he and Betty gave more than half of it away. They were motivated by seeing their fishing haunts in Baja California smothered by development, and their precious wild places disappearing. He did not think small. His foundation’s grants went not just to CalTech and the Bay Area but were also earmarked to save two-thirds of the Amazon basin and the whole arc of salmon rivers that curved from northern California, through Alaska, to Russia’s east.

不过不出所料,他的财富并没有改变他。他依然喜欢穿那条磨破的卡其裤,开着那艘快散架的旧渔船出去钓鱼,一直开到那艘船不安全到没法开为止。他喜欢事物维持它们本来的样子。当他变得富有以后,他和妻子贝蒂捐出了一半以上的财产。之所以这么做,是因为他们看到自己经常到下加利福尼亚钓鱼的那片地方因经济发展而面目全非,而他们珍视的荒野也在一点点消失。他的格局很大。他的基金会不仅拨款给加州理工学院和旧金山湾区,还定向拨付用于拯救三分之二的亚马逊盆地和整个起于北加州横穿阿拉斯加最后延伸至俄罗斯东部的弧形鲑鱼洄游带

He hoped that might be his permanent legacy. Instead his legacy, inevitably, was Moore’s law, which could not last for ever. He had never said it would; exponential growth always burned itself out. By 2020 its end was predicted within a decade in America. The Taiwanese were doing well but, even so, transistors could not endlessly be made smaller. In 2021 one was achieved that measured no more than a nanometre, a billionth of a metre, almost the size of an atom. Already billions of transistors could be squeezed on one silicon chip. Naturally, he accepted the laws of physics. As a chemist, though, he could not help hoping that some new material, some new process, might yet make room for more.

他希望这些公益事业可以成为自己留给世间的永恒遗产。但摩尔定律终归是他的遗产,即便这条定律不会永远地持续下去。他也从来没有说过会;指数增长亦会山穷水尽。2020年,有人预计10年内这条定律将在美国失效中国台湾在芯片事业上成绩斐然,但即便如此,晶体管也不可能无限变小。根据2021年的测量结果晶体管的大小已经可以做到不超过一纳米也就是十亿分之一米,几乎和一个原子差不多大了而且目前已经可以做到在一个微芯片上装下数十亿个晶体管。理所当然地,他能接受物理有它的客观极限。然而,作为一名化学家,他不禁希望出现某种新材料或者某项新工艺,也许还能突破极限。


翻译组:
Vicky,少儿英语老师+笔译新人
Jemma,一手抓吃饭,一手抓学习
Alfredo,清纯男高体验卡仅剩几个月到期

校对组:
Mosy,绘本、演讲、戏剧英文教育践行者
Claire,进进退退,摇摇摆摆,探索世界ing
Nikolae,新手人民教师,声优探索者,乃木坂47AKB49


3



观点|评论|思考


本次感想
Yvonne,慢慢理解世界、更新自己
戈登·摩尔(Gordon Moore192913—2023324日),出生于旧金山佩斯卡迪诺,美国科学家,企业家,英特尔公司创始人之一。
他在1965年作出了著名的预测:集成电路上的晶体管数量将每年翻一番——这一预测后来被称为摩尔定律1975年摩尔将他的预测修改为在未来10年内集成电路上的晶体管每两年翻一番。芯片技术以指数速度增长、不断使电子产品更快更小更便宜的想法,自此成为了半导体行业的驱动力,并为芯片在数百万日常产品中的普遍使用铺平了道路。
摩尔还致力于慈善事业,特别是环境保护、科学和改善病人护理条件。他与相濡以沫72年的妻子一起创立了戈登和贝蒂·摩尔基金会,该基金会自2000年成立以来已向慈善事业捐赠了超过51亿美元。
我们从网上所知的名人事迹总是宏伟的蓝图、巨大的成就,因为这是他们留在这个世界不可磨灭的功绩。但身边人的评价往往会将他们与普通人的距离拉近。与摩尔长时间共事的同事好友们描述他的形容词几乎都离不开聪明(bright)、谦虚(unassuming)、平静(calm)。摩尔定律这个名字是加州理工学院的一位教授在1970年代中期推广的,摩尔曾向传记作者莱斯利·柏林(Leslie Berlin)坦言,他 "在很长一段时间内对它被称为摩尔定律感到尴尬"。正如本篇文章提到的,对于引领数字时代这样的评价,他觉得只是正好赶上了时候。读到那句话,或许读者都能想象到他微微低头不太好意思地笑的样子。英特尔公司的瓦尔登·基尔希(Walden Kirsch)在与多位领导同事的对话中总结道,摩尔是以最安静的方式取得了一切伟大的成就。他接受采访无需排场,没有高谈阔论,不用照片润色。但他说了什么,要认真听,因为他言出必精,不会啰嗦。
清代三朝帝师翁同龢写了每临大事有静气,我想摩尔先生大概也是有静气之人的写照,不是简单的秉性温和,也不是避世的无所作为,而是于寂静无声处蓄积推动变革的韬略,于人群熙攘中回归出发的本心。即便到了摩尔定律失效的那天,他依然是英特尔公司乃至整个行业永远的启明星。

4



愿景


打造
独立思考 | 国际视野 | 英文学习
小组


01 第十期外刊精读课 

想要读懂更多外刊,

尽在外刊精读课

从字词-逻辑结构-背景-专业性答疑,

从预习-精读-泛读,全方位训练英语思维,

带你转外刊!两期连报,价格更低哦!

点击下图,即可了解精读课详情!



02 早起打卡营 

一年半以来,小编已经带着15000多人早起打卡
早起倒逼自己早睡,戒掉夜宵,戒掉手机
让你发现一个全新的自己,创造早睡早起的奇迹!
早起是最简单的自律!
第59期六点早起打卡营
欢迎你的加入!
点击下图,即可了解早起打卡营详情!


微信扫码关注该文公众号作者

戳这里提交新闻线索和高质量文章给我们。
相关阅读
经济学人讣告 | 英国保守主义哲学家罗杰·斯克鲁顿我有一个罪恶的念头大语言模型: 新的摩尔定律?邓小平给毛泽东写信谋再次上台OpenAI提出的新摩尔定律怎样理解?中国隐藏算力巨头有话说人类历史上最灵验的预言:戈登·摩尔与摩尔定律古巴行 (3)世遗小镇Trinidad + 潜水天堂-猪湾戈登·摩尔留给我们的“遗产”微软谷歌大战,英伟达赢麻了!「AI摩尔定律」来了!深深地刺痛 | 经济学人讣告(翻译组进了一位高中生)从硅基光刻到碳基测序:以“超摩尔定律”向摩尔致敬Sam Altman:万物摩尔定律,人人富裕的未来英特尔创始人辞世,他的摩尔定律如何长久影响世界?巴基斯坦前总统穆沙拉夫 | 经济学人讣告ChatGPT之父撰文:《万物摩尔定律》出现,这场革命将创造惊人的财富经济学人讣告 | 吉福兹马戏团创始人内尔·吉福德经济学人逝者||在任时间最长的纽约曼哈顿区检察官罗伯特·摩根索看美国人的眩富。。。60年代叱咤风云的服装设计师玛丽·官 | 经济学人讣告雕塑家菲利达•巴洛 | 经济学人讣告震惊!疑被外星人绑架第一人,有迹可循 | 经济学人讣告看电影《造梦之家》绝代佳人吉娜·劳洛勃丽吉达 | 经济学人讣告巨星埃德娜女爵士的扮演者巴瑞·哈姆弗莱斯 | 经济学人讣告摩尔定律奠基人,戈登摩尔的辉煌一生英国女性用品之母杰奎琳·戈尔德 | 经济学人讣告摩尔定律之父,硅谷巨人戈登·摩尔的传奇故事毕加索长女玛雅·维德迈尔-毕加索 | 经济学人讣告“摩尔定律”的提出者、英特尔联合创始人戈登·摩尔去世,享年94岁ChatGPT之父:《万物摩尔定律》出现,这场革命将创造惊人的财富后摩尔定律时代,如何提升云效益的天花板英特尔创始人去世,「摩尔定律」光辉闪耀50年丨知料ChatGPT之父提新版摩尔定律!宇宙智能数量每18个月翻一番戈登摩尔离世,他的“摩尔定律”还能助英特尔重返巅峰吗?ChatGPT与新摩尔定律,下一个系统性机会大门已近在咫尺?我们与清华教授、衔远科技创始人周伯文聊了聊 |【经纬科创汇*AI】
logo
联系我们隐私协议©2024 redian.news
Redian新闻
Redian.news刊载任何文章,不代表同意其说法或描述,仅为提供更多信息,也不构成任何建议。文章信息的合法性及真实性由其作者负责,与Redian.news及其运营公司无关。欢迎投稿,如发现稿件侵权,或作者不愿在本网发表文章,请版权拥有者通知本网处理。