①Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.361.
②这一先验论的解读进路可以追溯到派普(Arthur Pap)的“functional a priori”以及莱辛巴赫的“constituting the concept of object”概念,近年来弗里德曼、迪赛勒等人在此基础上明确提出“dynamics of reason” “dynamics a priori” “relativized a priori”等概念来重构先验性,本文采纳沙菲尔(Michael Shaffer)的总结笼统称这一研究为构成主义先验论,但文中也会根据具体的语境提法略有不同。
③Norwood Hanson,The Irrelevance of History of Science to Philosophy of Science to Philosophy of Science, The Journal of Philosophy,Vol.59,No.21,1962,p.582.
④Thomas Uebel,Carnap and Kuhn:On the Relation between the Logic of Science and the History, Journal for General Philosophy of Science,Vol.42,No.1,2011,p.132.
⑤Pinto D.Oliveira,Camap,Kuhn,and the History of Science, Journal for General Philosophy of Science,Vol.46,2015,pp.218-219.
⑥Brad Wray,Assessing the Influence of Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Metascience,Vol.21,No.2,2012,p.5.
⑦Thomas S.Kuhn,The Road since Structure, PSA:Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association,Vol.2,No.1,1990,p.3.
⑧Kelly Becker,Kuhn's Vindication of Quine and Carnap, History of Philosophy Quarterly,Vol.19,No.2,2002,p.217.
⑨Godfrey-Smith,Theory and Reality,He University of Chicago Press,2003,p.149.
⑩Michael Friedman,Philosophical Naturalism, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association,Vol.71,No.2,1997,p.7.
(11)Michael Friedman,Philosophical Naturalism, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association,Vol.71,No.2,1997,p.8.
(12)William J.Devlin,Alisa Bokulich,Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions—50 Years on,Springer International Publishing,2015,pp.18-19.
(13)Larry Laudan,Beyond Positivism and Relativism:Theory,Method,and Evidence,Westview Press,1996,p.126.
(14)Thomas S.Kuhn,The Road since Structure, PSA:Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association,Vol.2,No.1,1990,pp.3-4.
(15)Thomas S.Kuhn,The Road since Structure:Philosophical Essays,1970-1993,University of Chicago Press,1990,p.110.
(16)Thomas S.Kuhn,The Road since Structure, PSA:Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association,Vol.2,No.1,1990,p.5.
(17)Thomas S.Kuhn,The Road since Structure, PSA:Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association,Vol.2,No.1,1990,p.9.
(18)Michael Friedman,Dynamics of Reason:The 1999 Kant Lectures at Stanford University,Stanford,CA:CSLI Publishers,2001,p.31.
(19)Thomas S.Kuhn,The Road since Structure, PSA:Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association,Vol.2,No.1,1990,p.12.
(20)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.362.
(21)David Stump,Conceptual Change and the Philosophy of Science,New York:Routledge,2015,pp.139-140.
(22)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.362.
(23)Michael Friedman,Dynamics of Reason:The 1999 Kant Lectures at Stanford University,Stanford,CA:CSLI Publishers,2001,p.43.
(24)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.362.
(25)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.367.
(26)Michael Friedman,Dynamics of Reason:The 1999 Kant Lectures at Stanford University,Stanford,CA:CSLI Publishers,2001,p.44.
(27)Michael Friedman,A Post—Kuhnian Approach to the History and Philosophy of Science, The Monist,Vol.93,No.4,2010,p.479.
(28)Michael Friedman,Kant,Kuhn,and the Rationality of Science, Philosophy of Science,Vol.69,No.9,2002,p.181.
(29)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.366.
(30)Vasso Kindi,The Challenge of Scientific Revolutions:Van Fraassen's and Friedman's Responses, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.25,No.4,2011,pp.339-340.
(31)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.364.
(32)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.376.
(33)Stathis Psillos,Knowing the Structure of Nature:Essays on Realism and Explanation,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2009,p.32.
(34)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.373.
(35)William Child,On the Dualism of Scheme and Content, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,Vol.94,No.1,1994,p.53.
(36)Theodore Arabatzis,Can a Historian of Science Be a Scientific Realist? Philosophy of Science,Vol.68,No.3,2000,pp.181-182.
(37)在这一点上弗里德曼与奎因对科学理论的理解是十分类似的(参见拙作《论当代动态先验论与结构主义实在论的融合及其实践论超越》,《哲学研究》2018年第2期,第119—126页),在新先验论的视野中,“科学理论仍是一个语言公理系统,它作为对外部某种实在的言语反映或描述,语言的意义问题还是最为核心的科学认识论问题。在这种理论语境中,将理论要素还原为经验或者先验都无法解释清楚经验(或先验)的根源问题,‘这意味着科学理论的图景还是一个未经解释的形式系统,它通过某种独断式的约定与经验相联系,并由此引起了对解释原则本质的一些误解——并且,包括对科学理论本质和进化的误解’”,也就是说,新先验论对自然主义的评判仍驻足于传统认识论“概念图式和经验内容”的二分模式,语言与实在、经验与理论二分框架依然存在。
(38)Jonathan Tsou,A Role for Reason in Science, Dialogue,Vol.42,No.3,2003,p.590.
(39)Joseph Rouse,How Scientific Practices Matter:Reclaiming Philosophical Naturalism,University of Chicago Press,2003,p.163.
(40)Joseph Rouse,How Scientific Practices Matter:Reclaiming Philosophical Naturalism,University of Chicago Press,2003,p.383.
(41)Michael Friedman,Dynamics of Reason:The 1999 Kant Lectures at Stanford University,Stanford,CA:CSLI Publishers,2001,p.55.
(42)Joseph Rouse,Articulating the World,University of Chicago Press,2015,p.12.
(43)Joseph Rouse,How Scientific Practices Matter:Reclaiming Philosophical Naturalism,University of Chicago Press,2003,p.6.
(44)Mare Lange,Review Essay on Dynamics of Reason by Michael Friedman, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research,Vol.68,No.3,2004,p.703.
(45)David Stump,Conceptual Change and the Philosophy of Science,New York:Routledge,2015,p.13.
(46)Theodore Arabatzis,Can a Historian of Science Be a Scientific Realist? Philosophy of Science,Vol.68,No.3,2000,p.532.
(47)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.367.
(48)Theodore Arabatzis,Can a Historian of Science Be a Scientific Realist? Philosophy of Science,Vol.68,No.3,2000,p.538.
(49)Paul Hoyningen-Huene,Philosophical Elements in Thomas Kuhn's Historiography of Science, An International Journal for Theory,History and Foundations of Science,Vol.27,2012,pp.289-290.
(50)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.364.
(51)Maarten Van Dyck,Dynamics of Reason and the Kantian Project, Philosophy of Science,Vol.76,No.5,2009,p.693.
(52)Thodoris Dimitrakos,Kuhnianism and Neo-Kantianism:On Friedman's Account of Scientific Change, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.30,No.4,2016,p.370.
(53)Ian Hacking,Historical Ontology,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2002,p.8.
(54)Ian Hacking,Historical Ontology,Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2002,p.5.
(55)鉴于篇幅,更详细的关于结构实在论与构成主义先验论结合的论证可参考拙作《论当代动态先验论与结构主义实在论的融合及其实践论超越》(《哲学研究》2018年第2期,第119—126页)。本人认为,结构主义为先验论辩护提供了可靠的实在论基础,他们在科学实践基础上实现了对自然主义与先验论单一维度的超越,这也是实践的实在论的基本内涵。
(56)David McArthur,Theory Change,Structural Realism,and the Relativised a Priori, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,Vol.22,No.1,2008,p.18.
(57)Herve Barreau,Historical and Transcendental Factors in the Construction of the Sciences, Epistemology and the Social,Vol.196,2008,p.33.
(58)Theodore Arabatzis,Can a Historian of Science Be a Scientific Realist? Philosophy of Science,Vol.68,No.3,2000,p.531.