应该说face to face还是face-to-face?
60天英文写作社群有同学问到了一个句子:
MOOCs (massive open online courses) are nowhere near as good as a class taught face-to-face.
句子里面face-to-face相当于一个副词,它是否可以写成face to face?
答案是可以的,《剑桥词典》里面face-to-face词条里面有这样的备注(also face to face),即两种写法都可以。词典也有这样的例句:Banking customers still often want to do business face to face. 此时face to face跟提问的句子一样,都是副词用法。
类似face-to-face这样的单词还有一些,比如外刊中经常出现的一个词:think tank(智库,智囊团)。目前存在"think-tank"以及"think tank"两种写法,两种都是正确的。
上面的提问也涉及到单词连字符(hyphen)的使用问题,我们需要注意的主要有以下几点:
(1)直接修饰名词的复合词需要加连字符
对于像off-campus, dog-friendly, high-quality, well-known这样充当形容词直接修饰名词的复合词,单词之间需要加连字符,比如:
(a) We’re looking for a dog-friendly hotel.
(b) He lives in an off-campus apartment.
但如果它们不直接修饰名词,那么可以不加连字符,比如:
(a) We’re looking for a hotel that is dog friendly.
(b) The apartment he lives in is off campus.
但对于像highly efficient, highly educated, carefully chosen这样由“以-ly结尾的副词+形容词”组成的复合词,单词之间不需要加连字符,比如应该说:a highly efficient system, a highly educated woman, carefully chosen words,而不能写成:a highly-efficient system, a highly-educated woman…
需要注意的是,这一规律仅对副词生效,而不是所有以-ly结尾的词,比如"a friendly-looking dog"这一用法是对的,因为friendly是形容词,而不是副词;"a family-owned cafe"也是对的,因为family是名词,不是副词。
(2)复合词的首个单词为数字时,需要加连字符
对于10-minute, second-story这种首单词为数字的复合词,单词之间需要使用连字符,比如:
(a) The president of the company gave a 10-minute speech to the Board of Directors.
(b) The boy threw a rock at the second-story window.
但如果数字出现在复合词中的第二个单词,那么就不需要加连字符,比如:
They took the escalator to Floor 3 and had lunch.
(3)涉及到分数的复合词需要用连字符
当复合词首单词出现像half, quarter这样表示分数的词时,需要加连字符,比如:
(a) A quarter-million dollars is still a large amount of money.
(b) He’s always coming out with these half-baked ideas which will never work.
以上就是连字符使用的一些基本情况,如果在写作时不确定要不要加连字符,可以先查一查词典,或者参考一些英文写作手册(比如The Chicago Manual of Style)以及谷歌搜索结果。
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