如何判断应该用to do还是to doing?
有读者在知乎上向我提了一个问题:
虽然问题中关于guide用法的表述有错误的地方,但这是一个非常好的问题。我们平时经常会遇到"to do something"这一不定式结构,比如:Dieting is a good way to lose weight. 此时"to lose weight"属于不定式。
但在一些情况下to作为介词使用,那么后面必须加动名词,写成"to doing something",例如上面问题中,名词guide后面的搭配应该写成guide to doing something,国外有一本写作指导书籍,名字就叫A Guide to Writing Your First Novel
在一些常见搭配中,to也同样是介词,比如look forward to doing something, be used to doing something, be dedicated to doing something, object to doing something
那么,如何判断to是属于不定式还是介词呢?一个简单的方法是,我们可以用代词it来代替to后面的内容,如果句子意思仍然完整,那么说明to是介词,后面应该跟动名词。这一方法的核心逻辑是,动名词本质上也属于名词,如果"to+动名词"能成立,那么"to+it"也应该能成立。
举个例子,I look forward to hearing from you. 如果用it代替hearing from you,句子变成:I look forward to it. 意思仍然完整,那么说明to是介词。
又比如:We are dedicated to protecting the environment. 用it代替后成了:We are dedicated to it. 句子成立,说明to也是介词。
对于句子:Dieting is a good way to lose weight. 用相同的方法替换后会变为Dieting is a good way to it. 无法构成一个有意义的句子,因此to是不定式。
除了这一方法之外,我们也可以记住一些常见的以to为介词的搭配,比如下面这几个:
confess / admit to doing something
oppose / object to doing something
be devoted / committed to doing something;
adjust to / be used to / be accustomed to doing something.
get around to doing something
a solution / key to doing something
需要注意的一点是,to是作为介词还是不定式,有时候需要结合前后单词的搭配来确定,比如:
We hired a guide to _____ (take/taking) us up into the mountains.
虽然出现了a guide to这个结构,但这里应该用原形take,因为它们从属于hire somebody to do something这一搭配。
又比如BBC有这么一个句子:Meanwhile, the low-lying islands of the Maldives need a solution to protect their beaches.
这里不说a solution to protecting their beaches,也是因为它从属于need something to do something这一搭配。但是如果没有这一搭配,则要用动名词形式,比如我们可以说:
There is no simple solution to protecting their beaches.
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