读视频｜差点击败马克龙的“女版特朗普”，是什么来头？

Marine Le Pen is a leading candidate in the French presidential race. The first round of voting is on April 23rd, which will narrow the field to two for a runoff election on May 7th.  

Marine Le Pen is a far-right candidate and represents the "Front National", which is the far-right party. The National Front has existed for a little over forty years, and Marine Le Pen has been running the party since January 2011. Marine Le Pen is the daughter of the founder of the National Front: Jean-Marie Le Pen. He founded it in the early 1970s and it was considered a pretty racist and anti-Semitic party and always very marginalized. The party was seen as anti-Semitic in large part because her father had often minimized the Holocaust.

玛丽娜·勒庞是 2017 年法国总统大选的一位主要候选人。第一轮投票于 4 月 23 日举行，选出两名候选人，5 月 7 日再从于他们二人之中选出总统。玛丽娜·勒庞是一位极右翼候选人，她代表法国极右翼政党“国民阵线”。“国民阵线”政党成立不过四十年出头，自 2011 年 1 月起由玛丽娜·勒庞领导。玛丽娜·勒庞是国民阵线创始人让-马里·勒庞的女儿。其父于 20 世纪 70 年代早期创立了国民阵线，国民阵线曾被认为是一个种族主义和反犹主义政党，并且总是被边缘化。国民阵线被视为是反犹主义，很大程度上是因为让-马里·勒庞在言语中常常淡化大屠杀的严重程度。

Marine Le Pen is a far-right candidate and represents the "Front National", which is the far-right party.

玛丽娜·勒庞是一位极右翼候选人，她代表法国极右翼政党“国民阵线”。

The National Front has existed for a little over forty years, and Marine Le Pen has been running the party since January 2011. Marine Le Pen is the daughter of the founder of the National Front: Jean-Marie Le Pen. He founded it in the early 1970s and it was considered a pretty racist and anti-Semitic party and always very marginalized. The party was seen as anti-Semitic in large part because her father had often minimized the Holocaust.

“国民阵线”政党成立不过四十年出头，自 2011 年 1 月起由玛丽娜·勒庞领导。玛丽娜·勒庞是国民阵线创始人让-马里·勒庞的女儿。其父于 20 世纪 70 年代早期创立了国民阵线，国民阵线曾被认为是一个种族主义和反犹主义政党，并且总是被边缘化。国民阵线被视为是反犹主义，很大程度上是因为其父在言语中常常淡化大屠杀的严重程度。

But Marine has distanced herself from her father since 2015. In part, that’s because she has tried to change the message of the party and change the branding of the party. "I excluded from the National Front my very own father. We could not tolerate words, unacceptable words, that would lead to a caricature of our movement."

By removing her father, Le Pen hoped to move the party away from anti-Semitism, but a recent comment has undercut those efforts. Speaking to the press, Marine Le Pen denied that France was responsible for the Vel d’Hiv roundup, which took place when French authorities arrested Jews and brought them to the Vélodrome d’Hiver indoor cycling track in Paris for eventual delivery to Nazi concentration camps.

但是自 2015 年起，玛丽娜就开始疏远她父亲。部分原因在于，她试图调整国民阵线的纲领和形象。“我亲手将我父亲从国民阵线驱逐。我们不能容忍一些言论，那些会导致我们的活动被曲解的言论都是不可接受的。”

玛丽娜希望能通过驱逐父亲，让国民阵线摆脱反犹主义的名声，但是她最近的一次发声抵消了先前的努力。面对媒体，玛丽娜·勒庞否认法国应当为维尔迪福围捕犹太人事件负责。当时法国当局拘捕了犹太人，并将他们带至巴黎的冬季室内自行车赛车场，然后将他们送到了纳粹集中营。

She said this, despite the fact that French president Jacques Chirac formally acknowledged guilt on behalf of the French state in 1995. By questioning French culpability in the Holocaust, her comments have reopened old wounds. But for the time being, Le Pen remains a leading contender, as she has been throughout the campaign, and that’s largely due to her successful efforts to rebrand the National Front. Instead of being seen as an anti-Semites, Le Pen has worked to portray the party as protectors of French identity and French values.

“Especially to the people of different origins and different religions, who have been welcomed into our country, I remind the obvious 'there are not, and there will never be any other laws and values in France than French laws and French values.'"

Her big thing is about France for the French, which gets into some of her policies, which actually we would perceive as racist or xenophobic, but she sees them as returning to a sort of mythical France. In a way, it reminds us a little bit of Trump. "The forgotten men and women of our country will be forgotten no longer."

尽管早在 1995 年，时任法国总统希拉克就正式代表法国政府，承认了法国在该事件中所犯下的罪行，玛丽娜·勒庞还是发表了这番言论。通过质疑法国在纳粹大屠杀中的罪责，她的言论再次揭开了历史的伤疤。但就目前而言，勒庞仍是总统的有力角逐者，她已经突出重围，进入了最后一轮选举，很大程度上，这要归功于她成功地重塑了国民阵线形象。她一直致力于让国民阵线不再被视为反犹主义政党，而将其塑造为法国身份认同感和法兰西价值观的守护者。

“特别是对那些来自其他国家、信仰其他宗教的人，我想提醒他们‘除了法兰西律法和法兰西价值观，法国永远也容不下其他文化的律法和价值观。’”

她的主要主张是“法国是法国人的”，这一点体现在她的诸多政策中。在我们看来，这些政策富有种族主义或排外主义色彩。但是在她看来，这些政策能让法国回到那个人们想象中的美好时代。某种程度上，她让我们想到特朗普。“我们国家被遗忘的男男女女将不再被遗忘。”

"I am very happy about the election of Donald Trump. I think that the United States will once again regain its former image in the world, which had become very damaged."

To Marine Le Pen, there is a certain French culture that should be upheld and that that’s being lost in the tide of globalization. She’s particularly anti-globalization. She’s against The European Union and she would like to radically reduce the number of immigrants. "We are not going to welcome any more people. Stop! We are full up!"

“唐纳德·特朗普能当选为总统我很高兴。我认为美国将再次重塑其国际形象，这个形象在此前已经遭到了严重破坏。”

对玛丽娜·勒庞来说，某种特定的法国文化应当得到维护，而这种文化正在全球化的浪潮中消失。她尤其反对全球化。她反对欧盟，希望大量减少移民数量。“我们不要再接受更多难民了。该停下了！我们受够了！”

During the 2015 refugee crisis, asylum seekers fled to Europe from North Africa and the Middle East, eventually landing in places like Calais, France, home to a notorious refugee camp called "The Jungle". Many Europeans felt overwhelmed by the sudden influx, and Marine Le Pen seized the opportunity to elevate her nationalist platform. France didn’t absorb the same numbers of people as Germany did or parts of Northern Europe. But, at the same time, there was a sense that it was out of control: that Europe did not know how to control its borders.

"Like Calais, where I visited recently, shows the damaging effects of uncontrolled immigration and lack of government. It is an eloquent example. The French are no longer able to cope with massive legal and illegal immigration!"

Even though it was not connected, having the attacks in Paris in the fall of 2015, and then again in the summer of 2016 in Nice, exacerbated a sense of a changing Europe.

在 2015 年的难民危机中，北非和中东的难民涌向欧洲，最终抵达法国加莱等地，加莱有一个臭名昭著的难民营被称为“丛林”。突然涌来的难民让许多欧洲人不堪重负，玛丽娜·勒庞抓住了这个机会宣扬其民粹主义政治纲领。法国接收的难民数量并没有德国或北欧多。但是与此同时，人们有种失控的感觉，感到欧洲不知道如何控制其边境。

“就像我最近刚访问过的加莱，体现了移民不受控制和政府治理缺位所造成的破坏性影响。这是个很有说服力的例子。法国人无法再接纳大量的合法或非法移民了！”

2015 年秋天和次年夏天，巴黎和尼斯分别发生了一次恐怖袭击，尽管这两起事件并无关联，但却加剧了人们的不安感——欧洲正在经历变化。

"…reports are coming in of an attack…"

"…a shooting in central Paris…"

"…hearing at least twenty shots and seeing more than fifteen dead…"

"…two young men, no older than twenty-five, with Kalashnikovs…"

The fear of attacks, the actuality of attacks tend to bolster support for closing borders, closing down the immigration policies and turning an eye on the community that people feel is at fault. While many leaders carefully avoided making any assumptions about the perpetrators. "I don’t want to speculate at this point, in terms of who was responsible for this." Marine Le Pen was quick to point the finger. Speaking on the floor of The European Parliament shortly after the attacks, she forcefully blamed Islamic fundamentalism for the tragedy in Paris.

"The assassin is the ideology in the name of which terrorism does the killing. It is Islamist fundamentalism!"

“关于恐怖袭击的最新报道”，“巴黎市中心发生了枪击”，“听到了至少 20 次枪声，目击了至少 15 人死亡”，“两名不到 25 岁的年轻人使用 AK47 步枪”……

对于恐怖袭击的恐惧和恐怖袭击的现实情况很容易促使人们支持关闭边境、收紧移民政策、对（欧洲）民众认为应当负责的群体冷眼看待。尽管许多领导人小心翼翼地避免对肇事者做出任何假设，“当下我不想妄加猜测谁应当为此事件负责，”但玛丽娜·勒庞很快确定了她的指责对象。袭击发生后不久，她在欧洲议会言辞激烈地指责伊斯兰原教旨主义要为发生在巴黎的悲剧负责。

“杀手假意识形态之名，行恐怖主义杀戮之实。伊斯兰原教旨主义要对此负责！”

In 2010, France was home to nearly five million Muslims, over a million more than The United States, a country nearly five times the size of France. And many French Muslims are perceived as far more religious than they are French. In part, that is due to the very visual issue of the veil in public space. An issue that has been under debate in France for over twenty-five years. Right now, as of 2004, it’s not allowed in public schools, but they’ve stopped short of banning it in the street because that’s seen as a personal liberties scenario, right? Marine Le Pen would like to ban it in general.

2010 年时，法国拥有近 500 万穆斯林，比美国多出 100 多万，而美国总人口数是法国的将近五倍。人们认为，许多法国穆斯林对其宗教身份的认同远高于对其法国国民身份的认同。在某种程度上，这种印象源于面纱在公共场所产生的视觉效果。在法国，关于面纱话题的争论已经持续了超过 25 年。自 2004 年起，法国便禁止在公立学校佩戴面纱，但是在街上并未禁止，因为街头被视为个人自由空间。而玛丽娜·勒庞则希望全面禁止佩戴面纱。

"The principles we fight for are engraved in our national motto: liberty, equality, fraternity, which stems from the principles of secularization resulting from a Christian heritage."

By setting classic liberal ideals against Islamic fundamentalism, Marine Le Pen promotes French nationalism by claiming she is protecting French identity. Similarly, she has framed globalization as a threat to French values.

"Globalization feeds on the denial of the fundamental pillars on which the French nation was founded, and which most French people still regard as essential."

Marine Le Pen has said she will hold a referendum to pull France out of the EU. She would like to ask for a "Frexit", as we just had a Brexit. She would like a return to a sovereign currency and she very much would like to return to a France of a different era.

“我们为之奋斗的原则铭刻在我们的国家格言中：自由，平等和博爱。这一格言来自对基督教文化遗产的世俗化。”

通过提出经典的自由主义理念来抗衡伊斯兰原教旨主义，玛丽娜·勒庞宣称她是在保护法国的民族意识，从而弘扬了法兰西民族主义。同样，她将全球化定义为对法国价值观的威胁。

“全球化的扩张蚕食着法兰西民族的立身之本，这一立身之本在大多数法国人心中仍然弥足珍贵。”

玛丽娜·勒庞曾声称她（在当选后）将举行公投，带法国退出欧盟。她希望效法英国脱欧，进行“法国脱欧”。她还希望法国重新流通自己的主权货币，她更希望法国回到某个旧时代。

If France was to be able to be actually removed, it would be the end of the European experiment as we know it. As the National Front’s poll numbers have risen over the past decade, the rhetoric of other political candidates has begun to shift to the right. The parties to the center-right begin to adopt a number of her ideas. Even if she doesn’t succeed, there is a conversation taking place that is much, much more skeptical of immigration. Now it's become racialized and tinged with this sort of anti-Islam Islamophobia space, as well.

假如法国真的能退出欧盟，那将意味着欧洲一体化实验的终结。在过去的十年间，随着国民阵线的支持率越来越高，其他党派候选人的政治观点已经开始渐趋保守。政治立场中间偏右的许多政党开始采纳勒庞的许多理念。即使她没有成功当选，但是对移民持更严重怀疑态度的言论正在产生。而且这些话语已经带上了种族歧视和反伊主义的色彩。

The real question is: do European nations, are they nimble enough to move into a space of multiculturalism and is that what they want? And one of the things that Marine Le Pen will say is, "This is not a battle for an election, this is a battle between globalization and patriotism." So, she sets it up as the idea that one is not a patriot unless one buys into the idea of a very specific type of France, which a lot of people would see themselves left out of.

真正的问题是：欧洲国家是否足够灵活地转向多元文化，以及它们是否真的想要多元文化？玛丽娜·勒庞可能会说：“这不是一场选举之战，这是一场全球化和爱国主义之战。”如此，她设定了这样一个标准：只有当一个人接受了一个特定类型的法国，他才是一个爱国者，而很多法国人会发现自己被排除在这个标准之外。