介绍几个减少重复用词的方法
很多同学在写作时往往不善于对单词进行变化,很少有意识地将同一个意思用不同的方式表达出来,这会使文章显得单调乏味。如果不是为了修辞需要(比如排比和强调),我们应该尽量减少写作中的重复用词。
一个比较简单的方法是使用写作批改软件,比如DeepL Write。这是机器翻译网站DeepL最近推出的一个写作批改应用。DeepL Write目前只有网页版本,使用时直接将文本内容复制粘贴到网页上即可自动检测。它的地址是:https://www.deepl.com/write
对于包含重复用词的句子,DeepL Write能够给出比较好的替代方案。举个例子:Many graduates have to choose between working for a large company or a small company.
DeepL Write将其改为:Many graduates have to choose between working for a large company or a small one. 这里使用代词one来代替重复的单词company,能够起到减少重复用词的作用。
又比如对于句子:Children in the city can enjoy better educational opportunities than children in rural areas. 软件将其修改为:Urban children have better educational opportunities than their rural counterparts. 可以看到,修改后的版本更为简洁。
除此之外,也可以用ChatGPT,比如对于上面的句子,ChatGPT的修改版本为:Children living in urban areas have access to more educational opportunities than those living in rural areas. 这一修改方案也很不错。
不过工具只是起到辅助作用,我们还是要明白减少用词重复的几个原则,具体来讲,有以下几点:
(1)同义词替换
这是最简单的一种替换方法,当句子或段落中一个词出现太多次时,我们可以用单词的同义词来替换。举两个《经济学人》的例子:
Just as drones can make up for poor roads, the theory goes, mobile phones can overcome a lack of well-functioning banks, portable solar panels can stand in for missing power stations and free learning apps can substitute for patchy education.
为了表达“弥补,替换”这一意思,作者用了make up for / stand in for / substitute for 这三个同义表达,这能够让句子更加变化多样。此外,a lack of / missing / patchy 都能表达“缺失,不完善”的意思。
As they vie for the next billion consumers to come online, Alibaba is taking on Amazon, Google is matched against Baidu and Tencent can prove its mettle against Facebook.
对于“与……竞争”这一意思,作者在一句话里面用了take on / be matched against / prove its mettle against 这几种不同说法,实现了用词多样。
(2)使用上义词和下义词
所谓的上义词是指对事物的概括性、抽象性说明,而下义词是事物的具体表现形式或更为具体的说明。举个例子,fish, horse, snake, cat这些单词的上义词是animal,而animal的下义词则是fish, horse, snake, cat这些具体的例子。在写作中我们可以灵活使用上下义词进行替换。
举个例子,在写关于人口老龄化的作文中,要表达“老年人”这个概念,除了可以说elderly people/older people/senior citizens,还可以使用“老年人”的下义词retired people/retirees/pensioners/the over 60s/people over 60 等等。
又比如在关于年轻人的话题中,我们可以用students/teenagers/adolescents 这些下义词来代替young people,在描述交通拥堵问题时可以用traffic problems这一上义词来代替traffic congestion/traffic jams,在描述手机时可以用上义词digital devices/gadgets来代替mobile phones这一具体概念。
(3)代词
使用代词不仅能使句子之间的连接更加紧密,还可以减少用词的重复度。举个例子:
Young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer every day. This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both their eyes and physical posture, regardless of what they are using the computer for.
这里使用their来代替young children's, 使用they来代替young children
我们还可以使用代词one来代替重复的单词,比如上面DeepL Write就用one来代替重复的单词company。
(4)省略
省略可以减少不必要的用词,使句子结构更加紧凑。句子中可以省略的部分包括名词、动词和形容词等。例如培根关于读书的名言:
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few are to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
这里是省略了be动词,还原后是:
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others (are) to be read, but not curiously; and some few are to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
在比较句中省略手法也被大量使用,例如:
Some argue that modern children grow up to be more independent and mature than in the past.
句子省略了children,相当于:
Some argue that modern children grow up to be more independent and mature than (children) in the past.
在写作中我们可以综合以上几种方法减少重复用词,除此之外,多读外刊和原版书,积累地道英文中的多样化表达也是提高写作技巧的重要方法。
我的外刊句型新书《英语写作必备小红书:纯正英语句型300例》最近出版了。这本书一共收录了300个经典外刊句式,并带有详细的翻译、解析以及考场例句。感兴趣的同学可以了解一下:我的新书出版了
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