长达40天！明天开启“dog days”……古人是如何避暑的？
农历五月不愧有
图源中央气象台官网
明天开始正式入伏
意味着酷暑高温天气
将持续“烤验”厦门人
而且
今年是
本世纪入伏最早的年份之一
据新华社，中国天文学会会员、天文科普专家修立鹏介绍，伏天不仅天数不确定，可能是30天，也可能是40天，就连入伏日期也每年都不一样。
夏至后不久，便是伏天。俗语说：“夏至三庚便数伏。”意思是，夏至之后的第三个庚日是初伏的第一天。今年的夏至是公历6月21日，从夏至日算起，第三个带庚的日子为庚午日，对应的公历日期是7月11日，所以这天就成了今年入伏的日期。
修立鹏表示，每年入伏日期虽然不一样，但均在公历的7月中旬。去年入伏时间是7月16日，而再早一点的年份还有7月13日、7月17日入伏的，“今年是本世纪入伏最早的年份之一。”
三伏天用英文该如何表达呢？
一般情况下，可以直接使用拼音“sanfu”来表达，后面对其进行简单的解释说明。
三伏天，一年中最热的日子（sanfu, the hottest time of the year）
因此，“入伏”这一天也就可以表达为the first day of sanfu。
在一些文章中，也会把三伏天叫作“dog days (of summer)”。
在英语中，dog days专门来形容北半球7、8月这段最热的天气。
根据韦氏词典，dog days即指7月初到9月初，北半球天气闷热潮湿的这段时间。
the period between early July and early September when the hot sultry weather of summer usually occurs in the northern hemisphere
也有人开玩笑说，这段时间的天气把狗都热得趴在地上直喘气，所以就叫dog days了。
THE “DOG DAYS,” I always thought, were those summer days so devastatingly hot that even dogs would lie around on the asphalt, panting.
但其实，这个有趣的表达与天狼星（Sirius）有关。
古希腊人认为大犬座（Canis Major）是一只狗在追逐兔子（也就是天兔座，Lepus）。而天狼星是狗的鼻子，因此称它为"狗星"（dog star）。
古希腊人和古罗马人曾迷信地认为，7月末，当天狼星（dog star）恰好在日出前出现在天际时，“dog days”也就到来了。
Sanfutie, or Sanfu medicinal patch, is a bandage made of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) believe that receiving Sanfutie during the hottest summer days is effective for coughs, asthma and arthritis; it is a patchwork solution for winter ills in summer.
三伏贴是一种由中药制成的药贴。中医认为，在夏季最热的时日贴三伏贴有助于治疗咳嗽、哮喘、关节炎；这是一种冬病夏治法。
这些防暑降温小贴士
赶紧了解一下
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在没有空调的古代
人们是如何降温消暑的？
一起来看看！
诗人杨万里曾在诗中写到：帝都六月日停午，市人入炊汗如雨。卖冰一声隔水来，行人未吃心眼开。
（清）金廷标《莲塘纳凉图》
早在先秦时期（公元前2100-221年），人们就使用天然冰来保持食物新鲜和制作冷饮。根据儒家经典《周礼》的记载，周朝有一个专门的部门，叫做“冰政”，有80名雇员。该部门每年12月收集天然冰块，然后将它们运送到冰窖储存。
As early as the Pre-Qin Dynasty (2100-221 BC), people used natural ice to keep food fresh and make cold drinks. According to the record in the Confucian classic Zhou Rites, the Zhou royal court had a specialized department called the "ice administration" which had 80 employees. The department collected natural ice blocks each December, and then transported them to the ice house for storage.
在古代，使用冰块的殊荣可不是所有人都可以享受的。在周朝，一些高级官员被周王室授予冰块，这在当时是一项很大的荣誉。赏冰制度一直延续到明（1368-1644）和清（1644-1911）两朝。在清朝，“冰票”是分发给官员，而不是直接送冰给他们。
In ancient times, the privilege of using ice was not available to everyone. In the Zhou Dynasty, some senior officials were awarded ice cubes by the Zhou royal court, which was a big honor during that time. The system of granting ice lasted until the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. During the Qing Dynasty, "ice tickets" were distributed to officials instead of sending the ice directly to them.
盛战国青铜冰鉴 图源：中国国家博物馆
至于冰块应如何使用，古人也自有妙招，最常用的冷却器具被称为“鉴”，是一个装满冰的大容器。“鉴”可以看作是一个古老的冰箱，可以用来制作冷饮。把盛食物的器皿放在“鉴”里，盖上盖子，一会儿饮料就会变冷。
The most commonly used cooling utensil is called "Jian", which is a big container filled with ice. The "Jian" can be seen as an ancient refrigerator, which can be used to make cold drinks. Put the vessel holding food inside the "Jian", close the lid, and the drinks would become cold after a while.
“冰鉴”还上带有小孔，能让冷气外冒，还能起到一定的降温作用，简直就是古时候的冰箱空调一体机。
没有奶茶、柠檬茶，由中药煎制的草本凉茶是古人的消暑饮料。
在清朝，服用中草药在北京很流行。根据历史记载，在炎热的夏天，有些人喜欢喝冰水，有些人喜欢煮紫苏叶和甘草作为夏季汤来避暑。
During the Qing Dynasty, taking Chinese herbal medicine was popular in Beijing. According to historical records, during the scorching summer, some people preferred drinking ice water, boiled perilla leaves, and liquorice as summer soup to keep off the heat.
古人还喜欢在夏天煮莲子汤（lotus seed soup），据说莲子汤有强身健体的功效。
古人把藤蔓、芦苇或竹子编织成床垫，夏天睡在上面很凉爽。
Ancient people wove vines, reeds, or bamboo into bed-mats for summer which are cool to sleep on.
瓷枕的表面是一层釉，手感凉爽宜人。据说清朝乾隆皇帝很喜欢他的瓷枕。
The surface of a porcelain pillow is a layer of glaze, which feels pleasantly cool. It is said that Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty liked his porcelain pillow a lot.
一个古代瓷枕 图源：颐和园
中国南方的古人更喜欢使用圆柱形的竹器，这种竹器中间是中空的，表面有网格。它利用交叉通风的原理使人降温，可以拥抱，也可以用来托起你的脚。
Ancient people in the southern parts of China preferred to use cylinder-shaped bamboo ware, which is hollow in the middle and has grid mesh on the surface. It uses the principle of cross ventilation to cool people down, and can be hugged, or used to hold up your feet.
最不起眼的消暑神器当属“扇子”了。上至王公贵族，下至贩夫走卒，都可以拥有一把扇子，摇一摇手腕，凉风便来了。
扇子由不同的材料制成，比如鸟的羽毛、竹子或皮毛。宫廷中的扇子，种类繁多，用料上乘讲究，除了带给人们清风徐来的实际功用，俨然已成为艺术品。
Fans were made of different materials, such as bird's feathers, bamboo, or fur. Fans at the royal court varied widely. Exquisitely made, they were more than a tool for cooling people down; they were extraordinary works of art.
（明）仇英《清明上河图》（局部）
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