通行密钥？后量子密码学？| 2023年你需要知道的23个重要科技名词

《经济学人·商论》2022-12-27

23 items of vital vocabulary you’ll need to know in 2023

世界展望2023

The World Ahead 2023

2023年你需要知道的23个重要名词

23 items of vital vocabulary you’ll need to know in 2023

通行密钥？后量子密码学？垂直起降机场？本文为你一一介绍

Passkeys? Post-quantum cryptography? Vertiports? Get up to speed here

IN 2020 AND 2021 the world embarked on a crash course in epidemiology and vaccinology. Novel expressions such as “flattening the curve”, “viral load”, “spike protein” and “mRNA vaccines” became part of the public discourse. Then in 2022 the war in Ukraine made it grimly necessary to learn new terms, such as “HIMARS” and “counter-battery fire”. What terms of art will enter wider circulation in 2023? Here are our best 23 guesses, with a definition of each one, to expand your vocabulary for the coming year.
在2020年和2021年，全世界上了一个流行病学和疫苗学的速成班。“拉平曲线”、“病毒载量”、“刺突蛋白”和“mRNA疫苗”等新奇名词已融入公共语汇。到了2022年，乌克兰战争爆发，这让了解“HIMARS”（海马斯火箭炮）和“反炮兵火力”之类的新术语变得非常有必要。2023年哪些词将流行起来？我们做了番猜测，选出了最看好的23个，每个都附上了定义，以扩大您来年的词汇量。

Green, blue and brown hydrogen
绿氢、蓝氢和棕氢

Hydrogen is a colourless gas that burns cleanly, producing just water vapour. Despite being the most abundant element in the universe, it is rarely found on Earth in a pure form. When making pure hydrogen, some methods are much dirtier than others—so energy wonks use different colours to identify them. “Green” hydrogen is made using renewable energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis. Europe is promoting its use, and renewables-rich regions from Australia to India hope to become green-hydrogen exporters. By contrast, making “black” or “brown” hydrogen involves burning coal or lignite, releasing huge amounts of carbon dioxide. This is cheap but bad for the climate. “Grey” hydrogen is made from natural gas, in a process that also releases carbon dioxide (but less than using coal). “Blue” hydrogen is also made from natural gas, but the resulting carbon dioxide is then captured and stored underground. Big Oil is excited about this, because in theory it can also be relatively green, if leaks are tightly monitored and controlled. “Turquoise” hydrogen uses a different process to split natural gas, resulting in hydrogen and solid carbon. Several startups are pursuing this approach. “Pink” hydrogen is, like the green sort, made using electrolysis, but powered by nuclear energy. Finally, “white” hydrogen is the pure kind that occurs in nature but is rare on Earth.

氢气是一种无色气体，燃烧后只产生水蒸气，非常清洁。尽管氢是宇宙中最丰富的元素，但在地球上却很少以纯氢的形式存在。在制取纯氢时，方法不同，污染程度也不同，所以能源专家用不同的颜色来加以区别。“绿”氢是利用可再生能源将水电解成氢和氧而来的。欧洲正在推广绿氢的使用，从澳大利亚到印度的可再生能源丰富的地区都希望成为绿氢出口国。相比之下，制取“黑”氢或“棕”氢需要燃烧黑煤或褐煤，会释放大量二氧化碳，成本虽低，但对气候不利。“灰”氢从天然气中制取，过程中也会释放二氧化碳，但少于燃烧煤炭。“蓝”氢也是从天然气中制取，但随之产生的二氧化碳会被捕获并封存于地下。石油巨头对此很兴奋，因为如果能严格监控和控制二氧化碳的逃逸，理论上蓝氢也可以是相对环保的。“蓝绿”氢采用了不同的方法分解天然气，在制氢的同时还会产生固体碳。几家创业公司正在采用这种方法。与绿氢一样，“粉”氢是通过电解制取的，但能源来自核能。最后还有“白”氢，是地球上自然存在但非常少见的纯氢。

• 横向升级和纵向升级

• 战术核武器

• 冻结冲突

• 再气化

• 干旱化

• 范围1、2、3排放

• 韧性中心和清凉人行道

• 死水池

• 合成燃料和电制燃料

• 生产率妄想症

• “二三四”之城

• 甜甜圈效应

• 电池带

• YIMBY

• 虚拟发电厂

• 垂直起降机场

• 太空太阳能

• 地月

想要获取完整释义+解读，解锁300+往期习语，跟随官方译者全年英语进阶，精读原刊文章？欢迎联络商论小助理 ↓

在校学生与应届毕业生看过来！

扫码下方二维码订阅，获取商论学生优惠史低价！

点击“阅读原文”订阅商论 ↓