“北京中轴线”里包含了哪些哲学理念？用英语怎么表达？

2024-08-01 04:08

7月27日，在印度新德里召开的联合国教科文组织第46届世界遗产大会通过决议，将“北京中轴线——中国理想都城秩序的杰作”列入《世界遗产名录》。至此，中国世界遗产总数达到59项。

“北京中轴线”（Beijing Central Axis）纵贯北京老城南北，始建于13世纪，形成于16世纪，此后经不断演进发展，形成今天全长7.8公里、世界上最长的城市轴线。其遗产区面积589公顷，缓冲区面积4542公顷，共有钟鼓楼、故宫、天安门等15个遗产构成要素。

联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会认为，“北京中轴线”所体现的中国传统都城规划理论和“中”“和”哲学思想，为世界城市规划史作出了重要贡献。让我们一起潜入历史的脉络，通过一系列的中华思想文化术语，体悟中华民族的精神实质，汲取思想智慧。

以下中英文内容来自中华思想文化术语传播工程核心成果——《中华思想文化术语》丛书。

礼

Li (Rites / Social Norms/ Propriety)

社会秩序的总称，用以规范个人与他人、与天地万物乃至鬼神之间的关系。“礼”通过各种有关器物、仪式、制度的规定，明确了个人特定的身份及相应的责任、权力，从而区别了个人在社会群体中长幼、亲疏、尊卑的差等。“礼”以这样的区别来实现对个体的安顿，并由此达成人与人、人与天地万物之间的和谐。

Li (礼) is a general term for social norms which regulate an individual’s relationship with other people, everything else in nature, and even ghosts and spirits. By setting various regulations about ceremonial vessels, rituals, and systems, rites define an individual’s specific status and corresponding duty and power, thereby differentiating between people in a community in terms of age, kinship, and social status. With such differentiations, the rites determine the proper position of each individual, thus achieving harmony among human beings, and between humanity and everything else in nature.

▌引例

夫礼，天之经也，地之义也，民之行也。（《左传·昭公二十五年》）

Rites are the rules governing the movement of heaven and earth as well as code of conduct for the people. (Zuo’s Commentary on The Spring and Autumn Annals)

乐

Yue (Music)

古代六艺之一，常与“礼”并称。相较于各种外在的礼法规范，音乐最能感动人的内心并对人的言行产生影响。但并不是所有的音乐都属于儒家所说的“乐”的范畴。“乐”应能有助于人的性情处于平和中正的状态，使人的言行自觉符合礼的要求，从而实现人与人之间的和谐共处。“乐”常与其他礼仪形式配合运用，是维系人伦秩序、移风易俗的重要手段。

Yue (乐) is one of the six arts of ancient times, often mentioned together with li (礼 rites / social norms). In contrast to external rules and rites, music touches the emotions and thus can affect human behavior. However, not all music counts as the Confucian yue which must have the effect of making the listener calm and measured so as to willingly behave in accordance with social norms, and thus engage harmoniously with others. Yue is often associated with other forms of ceremonial actions; it is one important way of maintaining proper human relations and encouraging better social practices and customs.

▌引例

乐也者，和之不可变者也；礼也者，理之不可易者也。乐合同，礼别异。礼乐之统，管乎人心矣。（《荀子·乐论》）

Nothing can replace music for creating social harmony, and nothing can replace rites for determining ethical social differences. Music brings people together in harmony; rites establish roles and relationships. Together they direct human morality. (Xunzi)

观象

Observing Images

观察物象或卦象。“象”是指可见而不具有固定形体的物象。“象”的自然呈现，如天象、气象等，体现着人和事物内在的特质及其变化的规则。古人也人为创造了各种“象”的系统，来描摹自然的物象，如卦象等。“观象”即是通过对“象”的观察，来把握自然与社会运行发展的规则。

This term means to observe images of phenomena or those of hexagrams. "Images" refer to the appearance of phenomena that can be seen, but have no fixed form. Images of nature, such as the sky or weather, represent the inherent features of humans and events and the laws governing their changes. People in ancient China created various systems of images such as hexagram images to describe images of natural phenomena. "Observing images" calls for closely examining images to understand the laws governing the movement of nature and society.

▌引例

古者包（páo）牺氏之王（wànɡ）天下也，仰则观象于天，俯则观法于地，观鸟兽之文与地之宜，近取诸身，远取诸物，于是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以类万物之情。（《周易·系辞下》）

When Fuxi was the ruler under heaven, he looked up into the sky to observe celestial phenomena and looked down on the land to observe geographical features and examine the images of birds, animals, and all other things that existed on earth. He selected symbols from the human body close by and from various objects far away, and then invented the eight trigrams to explain the miraculous nature and distinguish the states of all things. (The Book of Changes)

和

Harmony

不同事物之间的和谐共处。古人认为，不同事物的共处及事物间稳定秩序的形成，不能通过消除事物之间的差异来实现，而应在尊重和保全个体差异的基础上，寻求事物之间的和谐共处，这就叫“和”。在“和”的状态下，不同事物可以发挥其各自的特质，相互补充、相互辅助，激发个体乃至整体的活力。

The ancient Chinese believed that coexistence of different things and a stable order among them could not be realized by eliminating their differences; such coexistence could be achieved only by seeking to get along in harmony on the basis of respecting and preserving individual differences. That is what is meant by “harmony.” In such a way, different things can develop themselves while complementing each other, stimulating the vitality of both individuals and all.

▌引例

夫和实生物，同则不继。（《国语·郑语》）

Harmony begets new things; while uniformity does not lead to continuation. (Discourses on Governance of the States)

和谐

Harmony

相互协调，彼此融洽得当。“和”即协调和睦；“谐”即融洽，适宜得当。“和谐”首先指不同声音之间的配合得当，构成音乐的整体协调；后指良好的社会关系和治理状态，在尊重差异性、多样性的基础上，达成结合共生的关系，从而形成社会的有机整体。在这个整体中，人们各得其所，各安其位，和睦相处，相得益彰，井然有序，生活安康。它是儒家处理人际关系的重要伦理原则和社会政治理想，至今仍被视为核心价值之一。它可泛指人与人之间、团体与团体之间、国家与国家之间和睦、和平、融洽的关系状态。它体现了中华民族反对暴力冲突、崇尚和平秩序的“文”的精神。

This term implies mutual coordination and friendship. The Chinese term hexie (和谐) originally referred to the simultaneous combination of different tones that gave rise to a musical work. Later it came to mean a state of governance in which there are good social relations of coexistence based on respect for differences and diversity. In such a society, all people give free rein to their talent and find their proper place to live together in harmony, order and health. Hexie is a core Confucian ethical principle for dealing with interpersonal relationship and guiding social and political activities. It now generally refers to the harmonious, peaceful, and amicable relationship between people, between groups, and between countries. Harmony represents the Chinese cultural value of opposing violence and conflicts and cherishing peace and order.

▌引例

施之金石，则音韵和谐。（《晋书·挚虞传》）

When chimes, musical stones and other musical instruments are played according to ancient Chinese metrics, harmonious music pleasing to the ear is created. (The History of the Jin Dynasty)

中华思想文化术语