波伏娃与第二波女性主义浪潮 | ThoughtCo

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2023-03-19 01:03

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Humanities › History & Culture

人文›历史与文化

Simone de Beauvoir and Second-Wave Feminism

西蒙娜·德·波伏娃与第二波女性主义浪潮

Was the French writer Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) a feminist? Her landmark book The Second Sex was one of the first inspirations to the activists of the Women's Liberation Movement, even before Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique. However, Simone de Beauvoir did not at first define herself as a feminist.

法国作家西蒙娜·德·波伏娃（1908-1986）是女权主义者吗？早在贝蒂·弗里丹（Betty Friedan）动笔写下《女性的奥秘》前，波伏娃的里程碑式著作《第二性》（The Second Sex）就是妇女解放运动积极分子的启蒙读物了。然而，波伏娃最初并未将自己定位成女权主义者。

Liberation Through Social Struggle

闯过社会斗争，拥抱可贵自由

InThe Second Sex, published in 1949, Simone de Beauvoir downplayed her association with feminism as she then knew it. Like many of her associates, she believed that socialist development and class struggle were needed to solve society's problems, not a women's movement. When 1960s feminists approached her, she did not rush to enthusiastically join their cause.

在1949年出版的《第二性》中，波伏娃按当时的理解，轻描淡写地弱化了自己与女权主义的关联。她淡化了自己与其的关系。和多位与她关系密切的人士相类似，波伏娃坚信解决社会问题所需的是发展与斗争，而非女性运动。20世纪60年代与女权主义者接洽时，她也并未急于热切投身于他们的女权主义事业中。

As the resurgence and reinvention of feminism spread during the 1960s, de Beauvoir noted that socialist development had not left women better off in the USSR than they were in capitalist countries. Soviet women had jobs and government positions but were still unfailingly the ones attending to the housework and children at the end of the workday. This, she recognized, mirrored the problems being discussed by feminists in the United States about housewives and women's "roles."

随着女性主义在20世纪60年代复兴和重塑，波伏娃意识到发展并没有让苏联女性比资本主义国家的女性生活得更好。苏联女性拥有工作，有的甚至在政府任职。但在一天的工作结束后，她们依旧需要完成家务并照顾孩子。波伏娃认识到，这一现象反映了美国女性主义者所探讨的问题，即家庭主妇和女性在社会中所扮演的“角色”。

The Need for a Women's Movement

女性运动的必要性

In a 1972 interview with the German journalist and feminist Alice Schwarzer, de Beauvoir declared that she really was a feminist. She called her earlier rejection of a women's movement a shortcoming ofThe Second Sex. She also said the most important thing women can do in their lives is work, so they can be independent. Work was not perfect, nor was it a solution to all problems, but it was the "first condition for women's independence," according to de Beauvoir.

1972年，在接受德国女权主义记者爱丽丝·施瓦泽（Alice Schwarzer）访谈时，波伏娃称自己是一名真正的女权主义者。她承认自己早期拒绝加入妇女运动是《第二性》的一个缺点。她还说到，女性一生中最重要的事就是工作，这样她们才能独立。当然，工作不是万能的，并不能解决所有的问题，但是波伏娃认为，工作是“实现女性独立的首要条件”。

Despite living in France, de Beauvoir continued to read and examine the writings of prominent U.S. feminist theorists such asShulamith Firestone and Kate Millett. Simone de Beauvoir also theorized that women could not be truly liberated until the system of patriarchal society itself was overthrown. Yes, women needed to be liberated individually, but they also needed to fight in solidarity with the political left and the working classes. Her ideas were compatible with the belief that "the personal is political."

尽管人在法国，波伏娃不断阅读并研究美国著名女权主义理论家的作品，如舒勒密·费尔斯通（Shulamith Firestone）和凯特·米利特（Kate Millett）。她从理论上阐释了，只有彻底推翻父权社会体制，才能真正解放女性。诚然，女性需要个人解放，但也需要与左翼政治团体和工人阶级并肩战斗。波伏娃的想法与“个人即政治”这一观点高度契合。

No Separate Women's Nature

女人的天性不可分离

Later in the 1970s, the feminist de Beauvoir was dismayed by the idea of a separate, mystical "feminine nature," a New Age concept that seemed to be gaining popularity. "Just as I do not believe that women are inferior to men by nature, nor do I believe that they are their natural superiors either." - Simone de Beauvoir, in 1976

20世纪70年代后期，新纪元运动中“女人的天性”这一概念孑然独立，又带有神秘色彩，在当时似乎受到了极大的关注，但女权主义者波伏娃却对这一概念感到失望。

“正如我拒绝相信女性生来逊于男性，我也不认为她们的天性优于男性。”

——西蒙娜·德·波伏娃，1976

InThe Second Sex, de Beauvoir had famously stated, "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman." Women are different from men because of what they have been taught and socialized to do and be. It was dangerous, she said, to imagine an eternal feminine nature, in which women were more in touch with the earth and the cycles of the moon. According to de Beauvoir, this was just another way for men to control women, by telling women they are better off in their cosmic, spiritual "eternal feminine," kept away from men's knowledge and left without all the men's concerns like work, careers, and power.

在《第二性》中，波伏娃有句名言“女人不是天生的，而是后天造就的。”女人因后天规训和社会塑造而不同于男性。她表示，认定女人的天性是永恒的，并把女人更多地与地球以及月球的运动周期联系在一起，是一种危险的想法。根据波伏娃的说法，这只是男人控制女人的另一种方式，即告诉女人需要远离男人的认知，远离男人所关心的工作、事业和权力，成为宇宙及精神世界中的“永恒的女性”，她们才能过得更好。

"A Return to Enslavement"

“回归奴性”

The notion of a "woman's nature" struck de Beauvoir as further oppression. She calledmotherhood a way of turning women into enslaved people. It did not have to be that way, but it usually ended up that way in society precisely because women were told to concern themselves with their divine nature. They were forced to focus on motherhood and femininity instead of politics, technology, or anything else outside of home and family."Given that one can hardly tell women that washing up saucepans is their divine mission, they are told that bringing up children is their divine mission." - Simone de Beauvoir, in 1982

在波伏娃看来，“女人的天性”这一概念是进一步的压迫。她称女性成为了母亲，就变成了奴隶。原本不必如此，但正是因为女性被要求关注自身神圣的生育天赋，才总是落入这样的社会分工。她们被迫专注于母性和女性气质，而非政治、技术或任何除家庭以外的事情。“既然不能告诉女人洗锅碗是她们的神圣使命，那就告诉她们养育孩子是她们的神圣使命。”——西蒙娜·德·波伏娃，1982

This was a way of rendering women second-class citizens: the second sex.

这种方式让女性沦为了二等公民：第二性。

Transformation of Society

社会转型

The Women's Liberation Movement helped de Beauvoir become more attuned to the day-to-daysexism women experienced. Yet, she did not think it was beneficial for women to refuse to do anything the "man's way" or refuse to take on qualities deemed masculine.

女性解放运动让波伏娃更深刻地理解女性在日常生活中所经历的性别偏见。然而，她并不认为拒绝所谓的男性行事方式或排斥带有男性色彩的特征是有利于女性的。

Someradical feminist organizations rejected leadership hierarchy as a reflection of masculine authority and said no single person should be in charge. Some feminist artists declared they could never truly create unless they were completely separate from male-dominated art. Simone de Beauvoir recognized that Women's Liberation had done some good, but she said feminists should not utterly reject being a part of the man's world, whether in organizational power or with their creative work.

一些激进女权主义组织拒绝领导层级，因为（在她们看来）那是一种男性权威的象征，她们认为不应该有一个人独揽大权。一些女权主义艺术家声称除非自己能够完全从男性主导的艺术中分离开来，否则她们无法进行真正的创作。西蒙娜·德·波伏娃认可女性解放带来的好处，但是她也表示女权主义者不应该完全拒绝成为男性世界的一部分，不论是关于组织权力还是创造性工作皆是如此。

From de Beauvoir's point of view, the work offeminism was to transform society and women's place in it.

从波伏娃的角度来看，女权主义的任务是改变社会，以及女性在社会中的地位。

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本次感想

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女权主义的觉醒

在波伏娃看来，女权主义是能够帮助女性改变社会地位的存在。作为旗帜鲜明的女权主义者，波伏娃把自己觉醒的心路历程记录下来，发人深省的文字掀起了第二波女性主义浪潮。女权与女性的觉醒发展至今，已经成了社会发展历程中亟待解决的一个重要议题，在笔者看来，女权主义在形式上是多样的，其诞生和延续有其重要性和必要性。

从形式上看，女权主义是一种多样性的运动。女权主义者不仅仅是一群女性，其中不乏许多男性和跨性别人士。他们关注的共同点是性别平等和消除性别歧视的问题。女权主义的多样性是其力量所在，因为它能够吸引更广泛的群体参与，形成更有力量的社会运动。

女权主义运动十分必要，尽管在现代社会，女性已经在很多领域取得了巨大的进步和成就，但是性别歧视和压迫依然存在。女性在政治、经济和文化领域仍然受到各种限制和不公平待遇。因此，女权主义者的努力仍然是必要的，以实现性别平等和消除性别歧视。

这些针对女权的努力最终想要实现的效果是建立一个公正和平等的社会，这对社会长期稳定发展有着重要的作用。女性应该有机会在政治、经济和文化领域发挥作用，不受性别限制。其实，参与追求男女平等不一定要冠以女权主义者的标签，意识的觉醒、切实的行动才是我们真正要为之奋斗的事业。我不知道波伏娃以及其他女权主义作家笔下的平权什么时候才能真正实现，但我坚信它终将实现，水滴石穿，破茧成蝶。

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