瑞士：多语言国家的典范 | 经济学人文化

2022-10-14 02:10

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Culture | Johnson

文化 | 约翰逊专栏

英文部分选自经济学人20221006文化版块

Culture | Johnson

文化 | 约翰逊专栏

Switzerland is a model of a multilingual state

瑞士：多语言国家的典范

But it is not an easy one to imitate

他国想要仿效却并非易事

Europe is the home of the idea that people who see themselves as a nation should have a country. And very often those countries have seen themselves linguistically: France is the home of those who speak French, and so on. This has always been a simplification. But one state, one nation and one language remains a Platonic ideal.

凡自认同属一国之民即应组建独立之国，此理念起源于欧洲，并且通常来说，这些国家都以语言为区别的标志；讲法语的人组建了法国，等等诸如此类。一直以来，这都是一种相对简化的情形；不过，“一国家、一民族、一语言”仍然只是一种柏拉图式的理想。

Which makes it all the odder that, at the heart of Europe, one nation in one state is one of the most happily, successfully multilingual places on Earth. Switzerland, which has a population comparable in size to Hungary’s or Austria’s, has four official languages, and a huge amount of local variety beyond that.

但怪异的是，在欧洲腹地却有这样一个地方，一民族即为一国家。这里多种语言和谐共存，人们乐之安之。这就是瑞士，总人口与匈牙利或奥地利相当，讲四种官方语言，此外还有大量的地方语言。

About 60% of Swiss speak German as their mother tongue; but if you studied the language of Goethe in Hamburg or Hanover, good luck understanding a conversation among Swiss. The local “Schwyzerdütsch” is so far from the standard that children who speak it have to learn High German in school. But the Swiss are proud of their German, which can even be starkly different from valley to valley. A German executive in Geneva says that when visiting Zurich, he often finds it more practical to speak English.

约60%的瑞士人母语是德语。但如果你在德国汉堡或汉诺威学过德语，你或许只能侥幸听懂一部分瑞士人的日常德语对话。当地的“瑞士德语”（Schwyzerdütsch）与标准德语相差甚远，甚至讲“瑞士德语”的孩子到了学校还要学习高地德语。虽然住在不同地方的瑞士人讲的德语有天渊之别，但他们仍然对“瑞士德语”引以为豪。一位居住在日内瓦的德国高管表示，去苏黎世出差时还是讲英语更管用。

注：

在非语言学专业领域，“高地德语”和“标准德语”两个概念基本上可以画等号。

Just over 20% of Swiss speak French, the next-biggest language. Then there is Italian, spoken by only about 8% of the population, and, most remarkably, Romansh, a Romance language that is the native tongue of only around 0.5% of Swiss. Yet all three, alongside German, are official languages in the country. The Italian spoken is often a local variety, and even tiny Romansh has widely diverging dialects. One Romansh-speaker says that, when he was in the army, it was easier for him to use German with Romansh-speaking comrades than what was notionally their common language.

超过20%的瑞士人讲法语，这是瑞士第二大官方语言，再次是仅有8%左右人口使用的意大利语，然后还有最引人注目的罗曼什语：这是一种罗曼语，母语人口仅占瑞士总人口的0.5%左右。然而，这三种语言同德语一起构成了瑞士的官方语言。瑞士各个地方讲的意大利语都有所不同，甚至小小的罗曼什语也有数个大相径庭的方言。一位讲罗曼什语的人表示，过去在部队与其他讲罗曼什语的战友交流时，用德语比用名义上大家都讲的罗曼什语更容易交流。

How can a country so linguistically diverse work, and indeed be one of the richest in the world? François Grin of the University of Geneva says that it is because of a national myth, whereby “Switzerland functions not despite but because of its multilingualism.” The point of the myth, he says, is not that it is true (or false), but that it is useful. The Swiss work hard at keeping it going.

一个语言如此多元的国家究竟如何运转，甚至还可以跻身世界最富裕国家之列？日内瓦大学的弗朗索瓦·格林（François Grin）认为，原因在于一个国家级的信念，认为“瑞士能够正常运转，多样性的语言不仅不是障碍，还恰恰是原因所在”。格林教授表示，这种信念的重点不在于真实性，而在于实用性。瑞士人竭尽全力，确保这种信念流传下去。

Traditionally, Swiss students studied the next-biggest national language after their own as their first foreign one. Italian-speakers often learn both German and French (and Romansh-speakers, the lot). And English is taught in all schools, as well as being heard frequently in the streets of the most international cities, Geneva and Zurich. Switzerland is also generous to the many who speak yet another language; Geneva makes its schools available for the teaching of Portuguese after hours to the large Portuguese-descended population, for example. The children of immigrants typically master the local dominant language, even Swiss-German, which is not formally taught.

一般而言，瑞士学生在学会自己的母语后，会继续学习次于母语的第二大官方语言作为自己的第一门外语。母语是意大利语的学生通常会兼修德语和法语，而母语是罗曼什语的学生则会学习德语、法语和意大利语。此外，瑞士所有的学校都教授英语，而在日内瓦和苏黎世这两座瑞士国内最国际化的城市街头，也常能听到人们用英语交谈。对母语不是上述语言的人群，瑞士同样不吝于提供便利。以日内瓦为例，当地葡萄牙后裔众多，学校就在课后教授学生葡萄牙语。此外，移民子女也大多能掌握移入区域的主导语言，就连瑞士德语这种没有正规授课的语言也不例外。

But this doesn’t make every Swiss a polyglot paragon. The key to Switzerland’s functioning is its principle of territoriality: in most of the 26 cantons, one language rules. (Three cantons are bilingual in German and French, and Graubünden is trilingual in Italian, Romansh and German.) This territoriality can be coercive—Swiss courts have found that cantons may forbid students to be primarily educated in another national language even in private schools. The principle’s strength means that some Swiss who have not lived outside their home region may never fully master another national language.

可即便如此，在瑞士也并非人人都精通多门语言。瑞士模式运行无阻的秘诀在于语言区划：瑞士全国总共有26个行政州，除去三个德法双语州和以意罗德三语主导的格劳宾登州（Graubünden），绝大多数州都只有一门主导语言。不过，这种语言区划有时也附带强制措施。例如，瑞士法庭裁定，各州可自行决定是否禁止本州小学（甚至包括私立小学）以非本州主导语言授课。语言区划的规定也令部分安土重迁的瑞士人无法精通本国的其他语言。

And in recent decades, many of the German-speaking cantons, following Zurich, have shaken the Swiss model by introducing English before French as the first foreign language learned in schools. Since even the Swiss do not easily manage three or four languages (remembering that Swiss German and High German are quite distinct), this means that many in German-speaking Switzerland do not master French if they focus on English.

近几十年来，继苏黎世之后，瑞士模式在许多德语州都产生了动摇：学校把英语当作第一外语，取代了法语原来的地位。即使是瑞士人也无法轻易掌握三四种语言（要知道瑞士德语和高地德语相去甚远），所以很多瑞士德语区的居民若是专注于英语学习，就无法掌握法语。

But even if every individual Swiss is not a walking interpreter’s booth, the country remains deeply committed to its multilingual model. It is not an easy one to copy: Switzerland is the product of fiercely independent cantons joining the confederation for mutual benefit while still considering themselves sovereign. The country must respect localism, or it would not exist.

即便瑞士人并非个个都能成为行走的同传箱，但瑞士仍坚定致力于发展多语言模式。要想效仿瑞士模式并非易事：瑞士各州相当独立，它们为了共同利益而组成联盟，但仍认为自己有独立主权。国家必须尊重地方，否则瑞士这个国家就不复存在。

That said, most European states are amalgamations of what were once smaller units too. Often their founding stories are that they were destined to be united, including by language. They could learn from Switzerland, whose national story holds that unity and uniformity are not the same thing.

话虽如此，大多数欧洲国家也都是过去规模较小的区域合并形成的。这些国家的成立历史通常由一些注定会统一的区域编写，语言也是统一的其中一个诱因。瑞士可以成为这些国家学习的榜样，毕竟瑞士的故事让人看到，统一不一定要整齐划一。

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Gretle，爱翻译，爱生活

Collin，男，崇拜科比的一枚小翻译

Trista，女，虽然我是无业游民，但是我并没有骄傲

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校对组：

Lv行者，不爱名牌和旅游的伪文青

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Nikolae，新手人民教师，声优探索者，乃木坂47与AKB49

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