法律翻译｜《法律和经济学杂志》65卷2号

译者 | 李悦 华南理工大学

一审 | 刘汉青 北京师范大学硕士

二审 | 陈飞越 爱丁堡大学LL.M.

编辑 | 王妮茜 新疆农业大学本科

         邵娅绮 浙江工商大学本科

责编 | 戚琳颖 大连海事大学本科

The Effects of Naloxone Access Laws on Opioid Abuse, Mortality, and Crime

纳洛酮准入法对于阿片类药物滥用、道德和犯罪的影响

Jennifer L. Doleac and Anita Mukherjee

The United States is experiencing an epidemic of opioid abuse. In response, states have implemented policies including increased access to naloxone, a drug that can save lives when administered during an overdose. There is a concern that widespread naloxone access may unintentionally lead to increased or riskier opioid use by reducing the risk of death from overdose, however. In this paper, we use the staggered timing of state-level naloxone access laws as a natural experiment to measure the effects of broadening access to this lifesaving drug. We find that broadened access led to more opioid-related emergency room visits and more opioid-related theft, with no net measurable reduction in opioid-related mortality. We conclude that naloxone has a clear and important role in harm reduction, yet its ability to combat the opioid epidemic’s death toll may be limited without complementary efforts.

美国正经历阿片类药物泛滥的卷席（译者注：阿片类药物有助于安全控制急性疼痛，然而过量使用会危及生命），而为了应对这一问题，各州已经实施了政策，其中包括增加纳洛酮的获取途径——这种药物在阿片肽过量时能够挽救生命。然而，也有人担心纳洛酮广泛的获取途径反而可能通过减少过量死亡的风险，无意中导致更多更危险的阿片类药物使用。本文利用各州纳洛酮准入法的错位颁布时间（译者注：由于目前并没有授权使用纳洛酮的联邦标准法令，纳洛酮的获取在每个州都受到单独控制。）作为一个自然实验，以此衡量扩大获取纳洛酮这种救命性药物的途径后的影响。研究发现，扩大获取纳洛酮会导致更多与阿片类药物相关的急诊就诊和更多阿片类药物相关盗窃案，而与滥用阿片类药物相关的死亡率却没有明显减少。最后，本文得出结论，纳洛酮在减少伤害方面具有明显而重要的作用，但在没有辅助措施的情况下，其对抗因阿片类药物滥用而导致的上升死亡人数的能力可能会受到限制。

A Study of Umbrella Damages from Bid Rigging

关于操纵投标造成的伞状损害的研究

El Hadi Caoui

If noncartel firms adjust their pricing to the supracompetitive level sustained by a cartel, purchasers from noncartel firms may suffer umbrella damages. This paper examines the bidding behavior of noncartel firms against the Texas school milk cartel between 1980 and 1992. The largest noncartel firm bid less aggressively when facing the cartel. Structural estimation reveals that, per contract, damages due to noncartel firms bidding higher are at least 35 percent of damages caused by the cartel. Inefficiencies raise the winner’s cost by 5.9 percent. These results shed light on the importance of umbrella damages from a civil liability perspective.

如果非卡特尔公司将其定价调整到卡特尔维持的超竞争水平，那么其客户可能会遭受伞状损害（译者注：操纵价格的卡特尔（垄断集团）通常不涉及一个行业的所有成员，如果未参与协议行业成员（nonconspiring firms）在卡特尔的价格保护伞下制定价格，其客户同样会遭受过度收费。1982年布雷尔和毛勒案（Blair and Maurer）和2018年布莱尔和杜兰斯案（Blair and Durrance）讨论了伞状损害赔偿，但因为最高法院没有就“伞状损害”发表意见，所以非卡特尔公司的客户是否有资格起诉反垄断损害是一个尚未解决的政策问题）。本文研究了1980年至1992年期间非卡特尔公司针对德克萨斯州学校牛奶卡特尔的竞标行为，发现最大的非卡特尔公司在面对卡特尔时，竞标的积极性不高。此外，结构性评估表明，每份合同中由于非卡特尔公司的高竞标造成的损害至少相当于卡特尔造成的损害的35％，效率低下会使中标者的成本增加5.9％。这些结果从民事责任的角度揭示了伞状损害的重要性。

Post–September 11 War Deployments and Crime among Veterans

911事件后战争部署和退伍军人的犯罪情况

Resul Cesur, Joseph J. Sabia, and Erdal Tekin

This study examines the impact of post–September 11 (post-9/11) combat deployments on crime among veterans. We exploit the administrative procedures by which US armed forces senior commanders conditionally randomly assign active-duty servicemen to overseas deployments to estimate the causal impact of modern warfare on crime. Using data from two national surveys and a unified framework, we find that post-9/11 combat deployments substantially increase the probability of crime commission among veterans. Combat exposure increases the likelihood of gang membership, trouble with the police, punishment under the Uniform Code of Military Justice, property crime, and violent crime.

[P]eople in war had so inured themselves to corrupt and wicked manners, that they had taken a delight and pleasure in robbing and stealing; that through manslaughter they had gathered boldness to mischief; that their laws were had in contempt, and nothing set by or regarded. (More [1516] 2005, p. 45)

The [unit’s] soldiers who survived all exhibited signs of posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological conditions. Twelve of them have been arrested for murder or attempted murder. (Woodward v. Alabama, 134 S. Ct. 405, 412n7 [2013] [Sotomayor, J., dissenting]) 

本研究探讨了911事件后作战部署对退伍军人犯罪的影响。研究借助美国武装部队高级指挥官有条件地并随机地分配现役军人到海外部署的行政程序，去评估现代战争对犯罪的因果影响。借助两个全国性的调查和一个统一性框架使用的数据，研究发现911后的战斗部署极大增加了退伍军人犯罪的概率。战斗暴露（译者注：指退伍军人亲身经历或作为证人经历的与战斗有关的压力源。）增加了退伍军人参加帮派、与警察发生冲突、受到统一军事司法法典规定项下的惩罚、财产犯罪和暴力犯罪的可能性。

战争中的人们，纵使腐败和邪恶的行为成为常态，以至于以抢劫和偷窃为乐；以过失杀人滋长自信，以至于变得胆大妄为；蔑视法律，以至于无视或漠视一切规则。（More [1516] 2005, 第45页)

幸存的士兵都表现出创伤后应激障碍和其他心理问题的迹象。其中12人因谋杀或谋杀未遂被捕。（伍德沃德诉亚拉巴马州案，134 S. Ct. 405, 412n7 [2013]，南卡罗来纳州，2013年，索托马约尔的反对意见）

（图片来源于网络）

Sovereign Debt and Moral Hazard: The Role of Collective Action and   Contractual Uncertainty

主权债务和道德风险：集体行动和合同不确定性的作用

Marcel Kahan and Shmuel Leshem

The ambiguous phrasing of pari passu (equal treatment) clauses in   sovereign debt contracts has long baffled commentators. We show that in the   presence of asymmetric information about a sovereign borrower’s ability to   pay, an uncertain clause gives rise to a collective-action problem among   creditors that can reduce the sovereign’s moral hazard. By varying the   clause, parties can calibrate a sovereign’s expected default costs and   payments to creditors and thereby optimally trade off the sovereign’s moral   hazard and (deadweight) default costs. As information asymmetry decreases, a   pari passu clause becomes a coarser instrument for configuring creditors’   incentives and mitigating moral hazard.

So that the door might not be shut in the face of borrowers. (Babylonian   Talmud)

主权债务合同中平等待遇（pari passu）条款的模糊措辞长期以来一直困扰着学界。我们认为，当主权借款人支付能力信息不对称时，一个不确定的条款会引起债权人之间的集体行动难题，从而降低主权国的道德风险。通过改变条款，各方可以准确衡量主权国的预期违约成本和交付给债权人的应付账款，从而最优地权衡主权国的道德风险和（无谓）违约成本。随着信息不对称的减少，平等待遇条款成为配置债权人激励和减轻道德风险的更粗糙的工具。

以此，借款人便可能不会被拒之门外。（巴比伦犹太法典）

Changing Property Rights in the Family: Evidence from an Inheritance   Reform

家庭财产权的改变：来自继承权改革的证据

Gustaf Bruze and Emma von Essen

We analyze a Swedish reform that shifted the right to inherit an estate   from children to parents. If parents are altruistic toward children and there   are no transaction costs, a change of property rights in the family has no   impact on the consumption of parents and children. We test and reject this   prediction with new hand-collected data on wills and estates linked to panel   data on labor supply and durable consumption. Our results show that the   inheritance reform increased parents’ car ownership, increased the fraction   of parents living in a house, and reduced parents’ labor supply. The   magnitude of this response suggests that parents reacted to the reform as if  all wealth previously inherited by children expanded their own budget   constraint. The frequency and contents of parents’ wills reveal that many   parents, especially the wealthy, used wills to protect their spouses from   claims on the estate made by children.

文章分析了瑞典的一项将继承遗产权从子女转移到父母手中的改革。有观点预测，如果父母对孩子是利他主义且继承没有交易成本，那么家庭中产权的改变对父母和孩子的消费没有影响。本文通过人工收集与劳动供给和耐用消费的固定样本数据相关的遗嘱和遗产的新数据，测试并否定了上述这一观点。研究结果发现，继承权改革增加了父母的汽车保有量，增加了父母住在房子里的比例，并减少了父母的劳动力供应。其中样本数据反应的幅度表明，父母对改革的反应，似乎体现了以前由孩子继承的所有财富会扩大他们的预算约束。而父母遗嘱的出现频率和内容则表明许多父母——特别是富人阶级的父母——会使用遗嘱来保护他们的配偶免受其子女对遗产的产权主张。

(图片来源于网络）

Corporate Ownership and Antitrust Violations

公司所有权和反垄断的违反

Mario Daniele Amore and Riccardo Marzano

We study the relationship between corporate ownership and   anticompetitive actions. Using data from Italy, we find that family firms are   less likely than other firms to be involved in antitrust indictments. This   result holds after controlling for several factors that are different across   family and nonfamily firms and may correlate with anticompetitive behavior.   Family control reduces the likelihood of antitrust indictments, especially   among larger companies, which are generally more likely to be prosecuted.   However, conditional on being prosecuted, family firms face the same   likelihood of monetary sanctions as nonfamily firms. Collectively, our   results provide new insights into the role of corporate ownership in firms’   anticompetitive behavior.

本文研究了公司所有权和反竞争行为之间的关系。通过对来自意大利的数据进行分析，我们发现家族企业相较其他企业涉及反垄断起诉的可能性更低。在控制了家族企业和非家族企业之间不同的、可能与反竞争行为相关的几个因素后，这一结果仍然成立。特别是对于通常更容易被起诉的大型公司而言，家族式的企业管理模式减少了公司被反垄断起诉的可能性。然而在被起诉的情况下，家族企业面临着与非家族企业相同的金融性制裁的概率。总之，本文的研究结果将为公司所有权在企业反竞争行为中的作用提供新的见解。

Food Aid Cargo Preference: Impacts on the   Efficiency and Effectiveness of Emergency Food Aid Programs

粮食援助货物优先权对紧急粮食援助计划的效率和效果的影响

Philip G. Hoxie, Stephanie Mercier, and Vincent H. Smith

This paper examines the impact of cargo preference requirements, which   create market power for US-flagged ships, on the effectiveness of the Food   for Peace emergency food aid program of the US Agency for International   Development (USAID). We find that cargo preference requirements increase real   ocean transportation costs per metric ton by 68 percent for packaged-goods   shipments and 101 percent for bulk-commodity shipments. These differences in   cost impacts appear to be associated with differences in the impacts of the   mandate on market concentration in the packaged-goods and bulk-commodity   shipment markets. These higher costs reduce USAID’s capacity to serve   millions of families each year.

本文研究了货物优先权（译者注：美国要求在运输由美国政府拥有、采购、提供或资助的货物时，使用悬挂美国国旗的船只）——这一可以为悬挂美国国旗的船舶创造市场力量的政策，对美国国际开发署 （USAID）的“粮食换和平”紧急粮食援助计划实施有效性的影响。研究表明，货物优先权中的要求使每公吨包装货物运输的实际海运成本增加了68%，散装商品运输的实际海运成本增加了101%。成本影响方面的这些差异似乎与对于包装货物和大宗商品运输市场市场集中度的要求的影响差异有关。这些较高的成本，降低了美国国际开发署每年为数百万家庭提供服务的能力。